Bài giảng bệnh sau thu hoạch

10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 1 BỆNH SAU THU HOẠCH CHƯƠNG 4 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 2 Harvesting, transport, marketing etc. 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 3 Bệnh sau thu hoạch? Thường xuất hiện trong giai đọan giữa thu hái và hòan thiện sản phẩm, trong quá trình bảo quản , vận chuyển, tại người bán buôn, bán lẽ... Là kết quả sự lây nhiễm các sản phẩm trước khi nó được chế biến hoặc đến tay người tiêu dùng •Bệnh sau thu hoạch thông thường xuất hiện 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 4 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Symptoms (triệu chứng) of PDs Soft rots and watery rot caused by 9 Geotrichum, Rhizopus, Sclerotinia, Pseudomonas and Erwinia Brown rots caused by 9 Phytophthora, Monilinia, Botrytis etc Dry rots caused by 9 largely Fusarium spp. 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 5 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and vegetables Infection timing (sự lây nhiễm) and methods of PDs Attacks the actively growing plants and then develop on the crop in storage 9 Botrytis cinerea on grapes, apples and pear 9 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on green bean Infects the crop at early stage but remain latent and cause decay only when the crop ripen or when it has been stored for some time 9 Botryosphaeria dothidea on apples and pears 9 Anthracnose fungus Attacks the crops only after harvest 9 Penicillium spp. on apples, pears, citrus fruits, garlic etc. 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 6 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Infection type (caùc daïng laây nhieãm) of PDs ¾ Through intact surface : Anthracnose fungi ¾ Through intact surface from adjoining diseased fruits/vegetables : Botrytis cinerea ¾ Through injury : Geotrichum, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Thieloviopsis etc. 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 7 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Wounds(injuries) is very important in PDs Toån thöông Caùc yeáu toá khaùng Phaûn öùng cuûa chuû theå Vi khuaån Maàm beänh 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 8 Causes of mechanical injuries • Poor harvesting practices and handling • Unsuitable field or marketing containers and crates, which may have splintered wood, sharp edges, poor nailing or stapling; • Overpacking/underpacking of field or marketing containers • Careless handling, such as dropping or throwing or walking on produce and packed containers during the process of grading, transport or marketing 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 9 Physiological injuries also predispose (daãn ñeán) fruits and vegetables to pathogens (mầm bệnh) • Too low storage temperature • Too high temperatures • Poor ventilation( söï thoâng hôi) • Volatile compounds( hôïp chaát deã bay hôi) 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 10 The forms of injuries • Splitting of fruits or roots and tubers caused by dropping • Internal cruising, not visible externally, caused by impact; • Superficial grazing or scratches affecting the skins • Crushing of leafy vegetables and other soft produce Each injury provide entry for penetration of postharvest pathogens 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 11 Injuries cutting through or scraping away the outer skin of produce • Provide entry points for moulds and bacteria causing decay • Increase water loss from the damage areas; • Cause an increase in respiration rate and thus heat production 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 12 Bruising( veát thaâm tím) injuries, which leave the skin intact (khoâng bò ñuïng chaïm) and may not be visible externally (beân ngoaøi) cause: • Increased respiration rate and heat production • Internal discoloration ( söï ñoåi maøu) because of damaged tissues • Off-flavor because of abnormal (khaùc thöôøng) physiological reactions in damaged parts 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 13 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CROPS MOST SUBJECT TO POSTHARVEST DISEASES Fruits • Temperate fruits : grapes • Subtropical fruits : avocados, citrus fruits • Tropical fruits : papayas, mangoes oranges Vegetables : cucumbers, lettuce, sweet melons 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 14 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruits Fruit Disease Apple & Pear Blue mold, Gray mold Anthracnose, Target or lenticel spot Bitter rot, Alternaria rot Black rot, White rot Mucor rot, Cladosporium rot Pleospora rot, Phomopsis rot Pink rot, Sooty bloth Fly speck, Brown rot Phytophthora rot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 15 Postharvest diseases of boxed apples Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 16 Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansusm Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 17 Gray mold (moác xaùm) caused by Botrytis cinerea Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 18 Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 19 Bitter rot (thoái daéng) caused by Glomerella cingulata Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 20 Canker (thoái muïc) caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 21 Heart rot(thoái trong tim) caused by Alternaria sp/Fusarium sp. Apple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 22 Black rot caused by Botryospharia dothidea Pear 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 23 Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola Pear 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 24 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruits (Continued) Fruit Disease Apricot (mô), cherry, nectarine, peach, Plum (stone fruit) maän Brown rot, Gray mold, Rhizopus rot Mucor rot, Blue mold, Alternaria rot Cladosporium rot Kiwi fruit Botrytis rot, Surface mold, Dothiorella rot Phoma rot, Phomopsis rot, Sclerotinia rot, Mucor rot, Blue mold, Buckshot rot Strawberry(quaû daâu taây) Gray mold, Leak(lỗ thũng) or Rhizopus rot, Mucor rot, Anthracnose, Leather rot Table grapes Botrytis rot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 25 Peach(quả đào) Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 26 Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola Peach 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 27 Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus arrhizus Peach 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 28 Phomopsis rot caused by Phomopsis sp. Peach 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 29 Interior browning in low temperature storage Peach 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 30 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora Kiwi fruit 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 31 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Kiwi fruit 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 32 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Strawberry 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 33 Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer Strawberry 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 34 Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata Strawberry 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 35 Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora nicotiana Strawberry 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 36 Powdery mildew (naám moác söông) caused by Sphaerotheca fumili Strawberry 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 37 Crown rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Strawberry 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 38 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea grape 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 39 Phomopsis fruit rot caused by Phomopsis sp. grape 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 40 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of subtropical fruits Fruit Disease Avocado Dothiella rot, Stem end rot, Fusarium rot, Anthracnose, Phomopsis rot, Rhizopus rot Citrus fruit Blue and green mold rot, Brown rot, Phomopsis stem end rot, Stem end rot, Alternaria stem end rot, Anthracnose, Sour rot, Sclerotinia rot, Trichoderma rot, Botrytis rot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 41 Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 42 Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 43 Blue mold caused by Penicillium sp. citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 44 Brown rot caused by Phytophthora citrophthora citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 45 Stem end rot by Diaporthe citri and D. medusae citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 46 Black rot caused by Alternaria citri citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 47 Sour rot(thoái chua) caused by Geotrichum candidum citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 48 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 49 Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 50 Phoma rot caused by Phoma errtica citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 51 Phellomyces rot caused by Sclerotium citricolum citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 52 Decay caused by Fusarium spp. citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 53 Decay caused by Rhizopus sp. citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 54 Decay caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 55 Low temperature fruit injury from temperature above those freezing tissues. citrus fruits 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 56 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of tropical fruits Fruit Disease Banana Crown rot disease complex, Fusarium rot, Anthracnose, Lasiodiplodia rot, Thielaviopsis rot Cerratosystis rot, Cigar end rot, Squirt disease Mango Anthracnose, Stem end rot, Rhizopus rot Papaya Anthracnose, Phoma rot, Lasiodiplodia rot, Phytophthora rot, Alternaria rot Pine apple Thielaviopsis rot, Fruit-let core rot, Yeast fermentation 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 57 Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium musarum banana 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 58 Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium mangiferae mango 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 59 Stem(cuoáng) end rot caused by Diplodia natalensis mango 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 60 Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata papaya 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 61 Heart rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora pineapple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 62 Core(loõi) rot caused by Erwinia ananas pineapple 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 63 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables Fruit Disease Carrot Bacterial soft rot, Gray mold, White rot, Fusarium dry rot, Black mold, Crater rot Celery (cần tây) Bacterial soft rot, Sclerotinia soft rot, Late blight Lettuce (rau diếp) Bacterial soft rot, White rot, Gray mold Melons (quả dưa) Sour rot, Rhizopus rot, Fusarium rot, Trichothecium rot, Botrytis rot, Lasiodiplodia rot, Gummy stem blight and black rot, Anthracnose 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 64 Pythium rot caused by Pythium sulcatum carrot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 65 Soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora carrot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 66 Black rot caused by Alternaria radicina carrot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 67 Southern blight caused by Corticium rolfsii carrot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 68 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora Celery 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 69 Late blight(taøn ruïi) caused by Septoria apii Celery 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 70 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora cabbage 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 71 Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris cabbage 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 72 Leaf spot (veát ñoám) caused by Alternaria brassicae cabbage 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 73 Sooty spot( veát ñen moà hoùng) caused by Alternaria brassicicola cabbage 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 74 Downey mildew (naám moác söông) caused by Peronospora brassicae cabbage 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 75 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora lettuce 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 76 Gray mold(moác xaùm) caused by Botrytis cinerea lettuce 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 77 Bacterial dry rot caused by Pseudomonas cicolii, P. malginalis, P. viridiflava lettuce 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 78 Fruit rot caused by Cepalothcium sp. melon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 79 Brown rot caused by Fusarium solani, F. roseum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum melon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 80 Gummy stem blight caused by Micosphaerella melonis melon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 81 Decay caused by Diaporte melonis and Phomopsis sp. melon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 82 Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum melon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 83 Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium watermelon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 84 Brown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici watermelon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 85 Cottony rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum watermelon 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 86 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued) Fruit Disease Onion Neck rot, Bacterial soft rot, Smudge, Fusarium bulbrot, Black mold, Blue mold Potato Bacterial soft rot, Ring rot, Late blight, Fusarium dry rot, Black scurf, Gangrene, Gray mold, White mold, Sclerotinia soft rot, Snap bean Gray mold, White rot, Anthracnose Sweet potato Rhizopus rot, Black rot, Java black rot, Fusarium surface rot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 87 Basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae onion 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 88 Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis allii and B. cinerea onion 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 89 Black mold caused by Aspergillus niger onion 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 90 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 91 Tuber infected with Corynebacterium sepedonicum potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 92 Late blight of potatoes. Exterior and interior discoloration of tubers infected with Phytophthora infestans potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 93 White mold of potatoes. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of tuber potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 94 Fusarium dry rot infection of tuber (interior section) potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 95 Gangrene. Phoma exigua var. foveata infection of tubers potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 96 Rhizoctonia black scurf. Sclerotia of R. solani on tuber surface potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 97 Fresh storage roots with black rot lesions(left and right), caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, and uninfected roots(center) sweet potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 98 Cross section of storage roots of the cultivar ‘Jewel’ with symptoms of surface rot(left) and Fusarium root rot(right) sweet potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 99 Internal and external views of a fleshy storage root infected with Phizopus stolonifer sweet potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 100 Restricted end lesion induced by Diplodia gossypina on a fleshy storage root sweet potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 101 Punky rot caused by a Trichoderma sp. on a fleshy storage root. sweet potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 102 Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. on fleshy storage roots sweet potato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 103 Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued) Fruit Disease Tomato Alternaria rot, Anthracnose, Buckeye rot, Gray mold and ghost spot, Sour rot, Fruit rot, Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot Egg plant Gray mold, Phytophthora rot, Brown rot, Sclerotinia rot, Phomopsis blight, Southern blight Pepper Gray mold, Rhizpus rot, Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot Cucumber Gray mold, Sclerotinia rot , Scab, Bacterial spot, Gummy stem blight, Phytophthora rot, Pythium rot 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 104 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 105 Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 106 Fruit rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 107 Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum phomoides tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 108 Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 109 Bacterial canker caused by Corynebacterium michiganense tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 110 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 111 Leaf spot caused by Alternaria tomato tomato 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 112 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea egg plant 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 113 Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae egg plant 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 114 Brown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici egg plant 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 115 Brown spot caused by Phomopsis vexans egg plant 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 116 Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum egg plant 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 117 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea pepper 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 118 Stem end rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer pepper 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 119 Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici pepper 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 120 Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora pepper 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 121 Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pepper 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 122 Mosaic caused by Tomato mosaic virus-P,-T,-OM pepper 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 123 Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 124 Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 125 Scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 126 Angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 127 Gummy stem blight caused by Mycosphaerella melonis cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 128 Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora melonis cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 129 Pythium rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum cucumber 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 130 Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses Mode of action : inhibition of sporulation Target diseases : most of post-harvest diseases of apples, citrus fruits Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, biphenyl Biphenyl 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 131 Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses Mode of action : inhibition of sporulation and germination of spores Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of apples, citrus fruits, stone fruits, tomatoes, cucumbers, gladioli, capsicums Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, phenylphenol OH O-Phenylphenol 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 132 Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses Mode of action : protective (little effect on spore germination) Target diseases : Botrytis, Monilinia, Rhizopus etc. on stone fruits, berry fruit, vines Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, dicloran C l C l N H 2 N C 2 D ic lo ra n 10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 133 Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, Captan Biphenyl Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes, pome and stone fruits,vegetables ※ pre-harvest spray Used on