Bài giảng International Business - Chapter twelve: Labor Forces

Labor Forces McGraw-Hill/IrwinInternational Business, 11/eCopyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.chapter twelveLearning ObjectivesIdentify forces beyond management control that affect the availability of laborExplain the reasons that cause people to leave their home countriesDiscuss the reasons that some countries have guest workersExplain factors associated with employment policies, including social roles, gender, race, and minorities.3Learning ObjectivesDiscuss differences in labor unions among countries4Labor Quality and QuantityQuality, quantity, and composition of labor force are of great importance to an employerLabor QualityThe skills, education, and attitudes of available employeesLabor QuantityThe number of available employees with the skills required to meet an employer’s business needs5Worldwide Labor Conditions and TrendsOverall Size and Sector of the Work ForceInternational Labor TrendsAging of PopulationsRural to Urban ShiftUnemploymentImmigrant LaborChild LaborForced LaborBrain DrainGuest Workers6Primary Occupation of National Labor ForceSource: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2048.html (July 25, 2006).7Aging Of PopulationSource: U.S. Census Bureau, International, “Midyear Population, by Age and Sex,” www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbagg (July 27, 20068Rural to urban ShiftSource: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (New York: United nations, 2003), pp. 3-4.9Unemployment192 million overall unemployedMiddle East and North Africa (13.2%)Sub-Saharan Africa (9.7%)Central and Eastern Europe (9.7)Latin America and Caribbean (7.7)Developed economies (6.7%)Southeast Asia and the Pacific (6.1%)South Asia (4.7%)East Asia (3.8%) 10Labor MobilityLabor MobilityThe movement of people from country to country or area to area to get jobsImmigrationRefers to the process of leaving one’s home country to reside in another countryForeign-bornPopulation comprises those immigrants whose move is permanent and may include taking citizenshipForeignPopulation who are guest workers 11Foreign and Foreign-Born Population in Selected OECD Countries12LaborChild LaborThe labor of children below 16 years of age who are forced to work in production and usually receive little or no formal educationPrimarily found in developing nationsExistent in developed countries70% is in agricultureForced LaborMost common in South and East Asia13Brain DrainBrain DrainThe loss by a country of its most intelligent and best-educated people Record numbers of immigrants are moving to OECD countries in search of jobsWhen skilled workers migrate from developing countries they do so for professional opportunities and economic reasonsReverse Brain DrainThe growth of outsourcing and the movement of highly educated, technologically skilled employees and research scientists to other countries14Brain Drain: Countries with the Highest Percentage of Their College-Educated Citizens Living in Other Countries15Guest WorkersPeople who go to a foreign country legally to perform certain types of jobsGuest workers provide the labor host countries needGuest workers are desirable as long as the economies are growingWhen economies slow, fewer workers are needed and problems appear16Considerations in Employment PoliciesSocial StatusImportant with respect to labor force, especially in some culturesCaste: the group to which people belong in a system under which people’s place or level in a multilevel society is established at birth as being the same level as that of their parentsSexism Acceptability of women as full and equal participants in the work force ranges widely17Women’s EducationStudies show a direct correlation between women’s education andBirthratesChild survival ratesFamily healthA nation’s overall prosperity18Female Illiteracy19Ratio of Wages, Woman versus Men, Selected OECD Countries20RacismBlack and White conflictU.S., South Africa, Great Britain and elsewhereArab-, Indian-, or Pakistani and Black conflict AfricaTamils and Sinhalese Conflict Sri Lanka 21MinoritiesTraditional SocietiesTribal peoples before they turn to organized agriculture or industry; traditional customs may linger after the economy changesMinoritiesA relatively smaller number of people identified by race, religion, or national origin who live among a larger majority22Employer-Employee RelationshipsLabor MarketThe pool of available potential employees with the necessary skills within commuting distance from an employerA company must study the labor market when considering whether to invest in a countrySources includeForeign Labor TrendsHandbook of Labor StatisticsYearbook of Labor Statistics23Country Strike Rates, Selected OECD NationsSource:  Rachel Beardsmore, "International Comparisons of Labour Disputes in 2004," in Office for National Statistics (U.K.), Labor Market Trends, April 2006, p. 119, c Crown Copyright.  Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use License. 24Labor UnionsOrganizations of workersEuropean labor Identified with political parties and socialist ideologyUnited States laborLaborers already have many civil rightsCollective bargainingThe process in which a union represents the interests of a bargaining unit (which sometimes includes both union members and nonmembers) in negotiations with management25Labor UnionsJapanese unions are enterprise-based rather than industry wideAs a result, unions tend to identify strongly with company interestsHowever, Japanese workers are reported least satisfied with jobs in developed world26Labor Union Membership TrendsEmployers have made efforts to keep their businesses union-freeMore woman and teenagers have joined the work force, low loyalty to unionsThe unions have been successful in raising wages, which leads to offshoringIn the knowledge economy, industrial jobs that have formed the core of union membership are declining27Multinational Labor ActivitiesInternationalization of companies creates opportunities for them to escape the reach of unionsIn response, unions have begun toCollect and disseminate information about companiesConsult with unions in other countriesCoordinate with those unions’ policies and tacticsEncourage international companies’ codes of conductMultinational unionism is developing28Multinational Labor ActivitiesInternational Labor Organization (ILO)Purpose is to promote social justice and internationally recognize human and labor rights worldwideTrade Union Advisory Committee to the OECDConsults on trade union issues in global markets29