Bài giảng Operations Management - Chapter 7: Work Design and Measurement

Work Designand MeasurementMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.You should be able to:Explain the importance of work designCompare and contrast the two basic approaches to job designDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of standardizationExplain the term knowledge-based payExplain the purpose of methods analysis and describe how methods studies are performedCompare the four commonly used techniques for motion studyDiscuss the impact of working conditions on work designDefine a standard timeDescribe and compare time study methods and perform calculationsDescribe work sampling and perform calculationsCompare stopwatch time study and work samplingContrast time and output pay systems7-*Student SlidesQuality of work life affects not only workers’ overall sense of well-being and contentment, but also their productivityImportant aspects of quality of work life:How a worker gets along with co-workersQuality of managementWorking conditionsCompensation7-*Student SlidesJob designThe act of specifying the contents and methods of jobsWhat will be done in a jobWho will do the jobHow the job will be doneWhere the job will be doneObjectivesProductivitySafetyQuality of work lifeStudent Slides7-*SpecializationWork that concentrates on some aspect of a product or serviceAdvantagesFor management:Simplifies trainingHigh productivityLow wage costsFor employees:Low education and skill requirementsMinimum responsibilityLittle mental effort neededDisadvantagesFor management:Difficult to motivate qualityWorker dissatisfaction, possibly resulting in absenteeism, high turnover, disruptive tactics, poor attention to qualityFor employees:Monotonous workLimited opportunities for advancementLittle control over workLittle opportunity for self-fulfillmentStudent Slides7-*Job EnlargementGiving a worker a larger portion of the total task by horizontal loadingJob RotationWorkers periodically exchange jobsJob EnrichmentIncreasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loadingStudent Slides7-*Teams take a variety of forms:Short-term teamFormed to collaborate on a topic or solve a problemLong-term teamsSelf-directed teamsGroups empowered to make certain changes in their work processesStudent Slides7-*Methods AnalysisAnalyzing how a job gets doneIt begins with an analysis of the overall operationIt then moves from general to specific details of the job concentrating onWorkplace arrangementMovement of workers and/or materials7-*Student SlidesStandard timeThe amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specified task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw material inputs, and workplace arrangement.Commonly used work measurement techniquesStopwatch time studyHistorical timesPredetermined dataWork samplingStudent Slides7-*Stopwatch Time StudyUsed to develop a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.Standard Elemental Timesare derived from a firm’s own historical time study data.Predetermined time standards involve the use of published data on standard elemental times.Work sampling a technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time.7-*Student SlidesUsed to develop a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.Basic steps in a time study:Define the task to be studied and inform the worker who will be studiedDetermine the number of cycles to observeTime the job, and rate the worker’s performanceCompute the standard timeStudent Slides7-*Standard Elemental Times are derived from a firm’s own historical time study data.Over time, a file of accumulated elemental times that are common to many jobs will be collected.In time, these standard elemental times can be retrieved from the file, eliminating the need to go through a new time study to acquire them.Student Slides7-*Predetermined time standards involve the use of published data on standard elemental times.Developed in the 1940s by the Methods Engineering Council.The MTM (methods-time-measurement) tables are based on extensive research of basic elemental motions and times.To use this approach, the analyst must divide the job into its basic elements (reach, move, turn, etc.) measure the distances involved, and rate the difficulty of the element, and then refer to the appropriate table of data to obtain the time for that element7-*Student SlidesWork sampling is a technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and the idle time.Work sampling does not require timing an activity or involve continuous observation of the activityUses:ratio-delay studies which concern the percentage of a worker’s time that involves unavoidable delays or the proportion of time a machine is idle.analysis of non-repetitive jobs.7-*Student SlidesIt is important to make design of work systems a key element of strategy:People are still at the heart of the businessWorkers can be valuable sources of insight and creativityIt can be beneficial to focus on quality of work life and instilling pride and respect among workersCompanies are reaping gains through worker empowermentStudent Slides7-*