Hướng dẫn ôn tập môn tiếng anh dành cho cao học và nghiên cứu sinh

Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo —&– Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo —&– đề cương ôn tập môn tiếng anh dành cho cao học và nghiên cứu sinh ------------------------------------------ Đề cương này dùng làm cơ sở hướng dẫn ôn tập phục vụ cho việc kiểm tra môn tiếng Anh trong kỳ thi tuyển sinh cao học và nghiên cứu sinh hàng năm theo quy định của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo và do Trường Đại học Nông nghiệp I tổ chức. Phần một : giới thiệu chung I. Mục tiêu: Đề cương này nhằm hướng dẫn đồng bộ 3 qui trình ôn tập, hướng dẫn ôn tập và ra đề thi : Nội dung chương trình giảng dạy các lớp ôn tập thi tuyển sinh. Nội dung và hình thức đề thi tuyển sinh. Việc ôn tập của thí sinh. II. Nội dung : Đề cương gồm 5 phần chính (A – E) dựa theo hướng dẫn về “Dạng thức ra đề thi môn ngoại ngữ trình độ B, C” của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo : Phần A : Từ vựng (Vocabulary) Phần B : Ngữ pháp (Grammar) Phần C : Đọc hiểu (Reading Comprehension) Phần D : Viết (Writing ) Phần E : Dịch (Translation) * Phần Đọc hiểu (B) và Viết (C) được trình bày dưới dạng các bài mẫu. * Ngoài ra, để giúp thí sinh ôn tập, chúng tôi còn biên soạn, tập hợp các cấu trúc thường gặp trong các bài thi và cách xử lý, một số bài tập được trình bày bằng POWER POINT để tham khảo (không kèm theo tài liệu Hướng dẫn này). III. Nguyên tắc biên soạn : Dựa trên Quyết định số 02/2001/QĐ-BGD&ĐT ngày 29 tháng 01 năm 2001 và sửa đổi, bổ sung theo Quyết định số 19/2002-QĐ-BGD&ĐT ngày 09/4/2002 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo ban hành Quy chế tuyển sinh sau đại học và Phụ lục 1 về “Dạng thức ra đề thi môn ngoại ngữ trình độ B, C”. Dựa trên quy định về khối lượng ngữ liệu và yêu cầu kỹ năng trong “Chương trình bồi dưỡng ngoại ngữ các cấp độ A,B,C” của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo. Tuy quy định kiến thức về ngữ liệu và yêu cầu về kỹ năng ngoại ngữ giữa 2 cấp độ B (cho cao học), và C (cho nghiên cứu sinh) có khác nhau, nhưng về cơ bản vẫn dựa trên một nền chung, cấp độ C kế thừa và nâng cao hơn cấp độ B. Do vậy hướng dẫn này dùng chung cho cả 2 cấp độ, khi hướng dẫn ôn tập và ra đề thi giáo viên cần vận dụng cho thích hợp với từng trình độ. IV. Các tài liệu tham khảo chính Phần hướng dẫn các nội dung chính, câu mẫu, bài mẫu và bài tập được soạn dựa theo các văn bản hướng dẫn của Bộ đã nói ở trên và tham khảo các tài liệu trong và ngoài nước như các tài liệu ôn tập và luyện thi của Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Cambridge University Press - (Anh) : Practice Tests for Cambridge Preliminary English (PET), Cambridge Practice Tests for First Certificate (FCE), Progress to First Certificate, Cambridge First Certificate Examination Practice, Fifty Tests in Essential English của Nhà xuất bản Basil Blackwell,….. và trong các sách luyện thi IELTS và TOEFL do các nhà xuất bản khác nhau ấn hành, và một số tài liệu tải về từ mạng, v.v. Phần hai : yêu cầu, nội dung chính cần ôn tập VOCABULARY (Từ vựng): Số lượng từ vựng khoảng 1500 - 1800 từ với Cấp độ B và 1800 - 2100 từ đối với Cấp độ C. Từ cơ bản, từ phái sinh: Cho một câu có một chỗ trống và cho một dạng cơ bản của từ , thí sinh phải tìm từ phái sinh thích hợp từ từ cơ bản đó để điền vào chỗ trống. Ví dụ : từ gốc : CHILD : số nhiều : children ; tính từ : childless, child-like, childish …; danh từ : childhood ; ATTRACT : tính từ : attractive/unattractive, attractable; trạng từ : attractively; danh từ : attraction, attractiveness, attractivity …. GRAMMAR (Ngữ pháp) Phần Ngữ pháp phải nắm vững và biết sử dụng 5 phần cơ bản sau : Nhóm động từ : (The Verb Group) Các thì trong tiếng Anh ( The English Tenses) Câu bị động ( The Passive Voice) Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences) Điều kiện có thực (Real conditions) Điều kiện không có thực (giả thiết) (Unreal conditions) Động từ chỉ hình thái (Modal Verbs) Can/Could May/Might Must/Have to Should/Would Các dạng không chia của động từ ( The Non-Finites ) Động từ nguyên thể ( The Infinitive ) Danh động từ ( The Gerund ) Cách nói trực tiếp - gián tiếp (Direct and Indirect/Reported Speech) READING COMPREHENSION (Đọc hiểu) 1. Phần trắc nghiệm – gồm 15 câu: chọn từ hoặc cụm từ thích hợp điền vào chỗ trống, hoặc khoanh tròn chữ cái đối với từ hoặc cum từ thích hợp. 2. Bài đọc hiểu với các dạng thức bài tập khác nhau (như: trắc nghiệm, trả lời câu hỏi, đúng - sai, điền từ, thay từ, v.v…) 3. Đọc, chọn từ thích hợp điền vào chỗ trống (Gap- Filling) WRITING (Viết) 1. Dựng câu có hướng dẫn (Guided Sentence Building) Viết lại câu (Re-writing/Sentence Transformation) TRANSLATION (Dịch) Dịch Anh – Việt (English – Vietnamese Translation) Dịch Việt – Anh (Vietnamese – English Translation) Phần ba : hướng dẫn chi tiết VOCABULARY (Từ VựNG): B. Grammar (NGữ PHáP) Phần Ngữ pháp phải nắm vững và biết sử dụng 5 phần cơ bản sau : Nhóm động từ : (The Verb Group) Các thì trong tiếng Anh ( The English Tenses) Cách nói bị động ( The Passive Voice) 2. Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences) Điều kiện có thực (Real conditions) Điều kiện không có thực (giả thiết) (Unreal conditions) Động từ chỉ tình thái (Modal Verbs) Can/Could May/Might Must/Have to Should/Would Các dạng không chia của động từ ( The Non-Finites ) Động từ nguyên thể ( The Infinitive ) Danh động từ ( The Gerund ) 5. Cách nói trực tiếp, gián tiếp ( The Direct- Indirect/Reported Speech) --------------------------------------------------- nhóm Động từ 1.1. các thì trong tiếng anh: (The English Tenses) There are altogether 12 tense forms in English : X SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS The Simple Present NOW PAST ___________________________________________ FUTURE The Simple Present is used: with stative verbs: - I understand it now. - That looks good. for the future with verbs such as “open/close”, “begin/end”, “arrive/leave” and expresses a fact. - The English test begins at eight. - Tâm arrives at 6 p.m. on Sunday. (iii) to express a habitual or everyday action. - I always drink coffee for breakfast. - She gets up at six every morning. (iv) for something that existed in the past, exists now, and will exist in the future/ something that is always true. - The sun rises in the east. - Dogs bark and cats mew. The Present Continuous NOW PAST ___________________________________________ FUTURE The Present Continuous is used: (i) to show present time – now – with all verbs except these stative verbs. know hear appear taste understand like seem wish believe love smell own look sound have need remember mean prefer want - Tâm is talking on the phone right now. - It is raining outside. The Present Perfect NOW PAST FUTURE The Present Perfect is used : (i) to show that an action happened at an indefinite time in the past. - I have seen that movie. (no definite time in the past) - She has taken the test . (no definite time in the past) (ii) when an action started in the past and is still continuing in the present. - Nam has lived in Nam Đinh for ten years. (he still lives there) or - Nam has lived in Nam Đinh since 1995. N.B.: The adverbial time expressions “for” and “since” are used with the present perfect tense: “For” is used for duration of time : for ten years; for three days “Since” is used with the beginning of the time period: since 1995, since (last) Wednesday; since 10 o’clock. (iii) when an action was repeated in the past or happened more than once in the past. - I have written three letters this week. - She has failed her driving test twice this year. (iv) with the adverbial time expressions “yet” and “already” which show that an action occurred or did not occur at an definite time in the past. “Yet” is used in negative sentences and questions . “Yet” appears at the end of the sentence. - We haven’t had lunch yet. “Already” appears between the auxiliary and the main verb: - They have already finished their project. “Already” may also be placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. (v) with other time expressions such as “up to now”, “often”, “as soon as”, “during the past few days”, “lately”, “recently”, “just”, “ever”, “never”, “so far”, “frequently”, “finally” : - He will call you as soon as he has finished his homework. - During the past two days, she has read five chapters. The Present Perfect Continuous NOW PAST FUTURE The Present Perfect Continuous is used : (i) to emphasize the duration of an activity that began in the past and is still continuing in the present. It is used with time expression such as “for”, “since”, “all day”, “all week” : - I have been doing this exercise for half an hour. - It has been raining all morning. (ii) sometimes with the same meaning as the present perfect, and with some verbs such as “teach”, “live”, and “work”, either tense can be used. - He has been teaching here for five years. or - He has taught here foe five years. - She has been working with us since last February. or - She has worked with us since last February. The Simple Past NOW PAST FUTURE The Simple Past is used : (i) to show that an activity began and ended at a specific time in the past. - I took the test the day before yesterday. - We went for a picnic last weekend. (ii) to show that an action occurred over a period of time in the past. - She lived in Đa Nang for five years before she came here. The Past Continuous NOW PAST FUTURE The Past Continuous is used : (i) when an action in the past which had already started was interrupted by another action. - Mai was sleeping when the phone rang. - When it started to rain, we were having dinner. (ii) when two action in the past continued at the same time. - Lan was watching television while Tâm was sleeping. - He was reading while I was writing my essay. (iii) when an action was continuing at a particular time in the past. - Nam was studying at nine o’clock last night. - We were doing morning exercises at six this morning. The Past Perfect NOW PAST FUTURE The Past Perfect is used : (i) to show that an activity was completed before another activity or definite time in the past. - By the time I got to the airport, the plane had already taken off. - She had learned English before she came here. or - She learned English before she came here. N.B. With “before” and “after” either the past perfect or the simple past tense can be used. The Past Perfect Continuous NOW PAST FUTURE The Past Perfect Continuous is similar to the Past Perfect, but it is used to : emphasize the duration of an activity that continued before any activity in the past: - He had been living in Đa Năng before he decided to move to Hanoi. - Lan had been cleaning her house all morning before the guests arrived. The Simple Future NOW PAST ________________________________________ FUTURE The Simple Future is used: The two most common constructions for expressing the future are “will” and “be going to”. Both are used interchangeably to express a statement about a future actio: - I will send this letter tomorrow. - I am going to* send this letter tomorrow. However, “going to” is usually used when we have a plan or an intention for the future, and “will” is used when we want to express an action in the future without any premeditation or prior thought. - Băc is going to study agricultural engineering next year. (future plan) - I’ll get the phone. (spontaneous action) N.B. In a sentence where there are two clauses of which one is a time clause beginning with “when”, “after”, “before”, “as soon as”, “until”, the future tense is not used in that clause. - After we finish the work, we will watch television. - As soon as he comes, I will give you a call. 1.1.10. The Future Continuous NOW PAST FUTURE The Future Continuous is used : (i) to express an activity that will start at a future time and be in progress at a certain time in the future. - At this time tomorrow, we will be taking the test. (ii) when an action will take place at an indefinite time in the future. In this case the simple future form can also be used. - We will be seeing you there. or We’ll see you there. 1.1.11. The Future Perfect NOW PAST FUTURE The Future Perfect is used to express a future action which will be finished before another action or time in the future. The time expression “by …..”, “by that time”, “by then”, “in a few hours”, etc. are common with this form. - By the time he comes, we will have finished our work. - By twelve o’clock we will have arrived there. 1.1.12. The Future Perfect Continuous NOW PAST FUTURE The Future Perfect Continuous is similar to the future perfect and is used: (i) to emphasize the duration of an activity that will be continuing before another activity or time in the future. - By the time we get home, I will have been driving for five hours. - By the time we take the test, we will have been taking English for a year. (ii) with verbs like “work”, “teach”, “live”, “study” in place of the future perfect. - By the end of the year, she will have been working here for twenty years. or - By the end of the year, she will have worked here for twenty years. Each different tense form in English has a different meaning. The chart below summarizes these verb tense meanings. TENSE FORM TENSE MEANING Simple present : Expresses an event or situation that exists now or that USUALLY, ALWAYS, or OFTEN exists. - He always eats dinner at 19 hours. - Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. Simple past : Expresses an event or situation that began and ended in the past. - He ate dinner last night at 19:30 hours. Simple future : Expresses an event or situation that will happen at one particular time in the future. - He will eat dinner tomorrow at 19:30 hours. The continuous tenses : Give the idea that an event or situation is in progress during a particular time. - While he was eating, the doorbell rang. The perfect tenses Give the idea that one event happens or happened before another time or event. - He had eaten before she arrived. The meaning of a tense used in an English sentence must agree with the time meaning of the rest of the sentence. The time meaning of a sentence is often determined by words or expressions that act as TIME MARKERS. Some of the most common English time markers are : SINCE Often used with the perfect tenses – to indicate a particular time. FOR Often used with the perfect tenses or the simple tenses – to indicate a duration of time. YET Often used with the perfect tenses – in negative meanings and in questions. ALREADY Often used with the perfect tenses – in affirmative meanings. YESTERDAY Often used with the past tenses TODAY Often used with the present tenses TOMORROW Often used with the future tenses or with the present continuous tense when it refers to the future. DURING Often used with the simple and continuous tenses to show a duration of time. Not usually used with the perfect tenses. OVER THE PAST FEW … Often used with the present perfect tense to indicate time starting in the past and continuing to the present. USUALLY Often used with the simple tenses to indicate habitual actions. NOW Often used with the present continuous tense. Verb Tense Forms The English verb has five principal parts. These principal parts are used in forming English verb tenses. The principal parts of some English verbs are given in the chart below : PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SOME ENGLISH VERBS Base form Present Present Participle Past Past Participle start hope study eat give have be start(s) hope(s) study(ies) eat(s) give(s) have (has) am/is/are starting hoping studying eating giving having being started hoped studied ate gave had was/were started hoped studied eaten given had been When parts of the verb BE (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) are used to form active verb tenses, they are followed by a PRESENT PARTICIPLE as, for example, in the continuous tenses. ( Sometimes the verb BE is used to form passive sentences. When this happens, it is followed by a past participle. I am living here now. BE + Present Participle I have been living here for a long time. BE + Present Participle When parts of the verb HAVE ( have, has, had, having ) are used to form verb tenses, they are followed by a PAST PARTICIPLE as, for example, in the perfect tenses. I have lived here for a long time. HAVE + Past Participle - I have been living here for a long time. HAVE + Past Participle The - ING form of the verb can NEVER function as the finite verb of a clause. - Incorrect : - *George having had his paper finished for a few days. - Correction : - George has had his paper finished for a few days. - Incorrect : - *Bill feels that we making too much noise. - Correction : - Bill feels that we are making too much noise. 1.2. cách nói bị động (THE PASSIVE VOICE) Sentences in English can be either active or passive. Active : - Nam ate the whole cake. S V dO Passive 1 : - The whole cake was eaten by Nam. S V O of Prep Passive 2 : - The whole cake was eaten . S V Follow the steps below to form passive sentences : Change the direct object of an active sentence into the subject of a passive sentence; Change the verb to include a form of BE and the past participle of the active verb; and Delete the active sentence subject or place it after the preposition BY. 2. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES We can use IF with many different structures. Here are the most common: Open present or future conditionals : IF + present simple + will + infinitive - If he asks me, I’ll help him. (perhaps he will ask me) 2.1.2. Unreal present or future conditionals: IF + past simple + would + infinitive - If he asked me I would help him ( but he won’t ask me, or he probably won’t ) 2.1.3. Unreal past conditionals IF + past perfect + would have + past participle - If he had asked me I would have helped him ( but he didn’t me ) 2.1.4. General conditionals: IF + present simple + present simple - If he asks me, I always help him. ( = Whenever he asks me … ) - If we heat metal, it expands. 2.2. An IF-clause can go at the beginning or end of a sentence. - If it rains, we’ll stay at home. - We’ll stay at home if it rains. We often write a comma ( , ) after the IF- clause when we begin with this clause. 2.3. We can use conditional clauses without IF : - Unless we hurry, we’ll be late. - Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do ? - I’ll go to the party as/so long as, provided/providing (that) you go too. - Should we have enough time, we’ll visit Sapa. (inversion) các dạng không chia của động từ: 3.1. Danh động từ và động từ nguyên thể (GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES ) 3.1.1. Gerunds and infinitives occur in many English sentences. Infinitives can function as nouns, adverbs, and adjectives. Gerunds function only as nouns. - Smiling is good for you. Gerund (noun) - You like to smile. Infinitive (noun) - The thing to do is to pass the exam. Infinitive (adjective); Infinitive (complement) - He ran to meet her. Infinitive (adverb) 3.1.2. Although both gerunds and infinitives can function as subjects, objects, and complements in English sentences, infinitives cannot function as objects of prepositions. Only gerunds can function as objects of prepositions. Correct : Today’s weather is perfect for swimming. Incorrect : * Today’s weather is perfect for to swim. 3.1.3. While some verbs can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives, others cannot be followed by both forms. Correct : I enjoy eating. Incorrect : * I enjoy to eat. 3.1.4. Gerunds and infinitives that come from intransitives verbs (verbs that have objects) can be followed by objects; nouns cannot. Correct : Contemplating life is a favourite human pastime. Gerund Noun object Incorrect : * The contemplation life is a favourite human pastime. Noun Noun object 3.1.5. Some adjectives