Introduction to Vietnam: Land, People, Culture - Lecture 3: Changing of life in Vietnam Gender, Migration and Urbanisation - Lam Thi Thu Suu

Lecture 3 : Changing of life in Vietnam Gender, Migration and Urbanisation Lam Thi Thu SuuCSRD Suu.csrd@gmail.comGender in feudal times Vietnamese Women Tam Cương (3 loyalty)Loyal to the Emperor Piety toward Parents Faithful to Husband Gender in feudal times Tam Tòng (3 Obey)Tòng Phụ: To FatherTòng Phu: To Husband Tòng Tử: To Son Tứ Đức (4 sets of moral form)Công : Do many domestic things with good qualityDung: Neat and humble physical appreance Ngôn: Speech gently with refrain from violence and anger Hạnh: Inner beauty Gender in feudal times Men : Nam nhi, Đại trưởng phu When he is a child, he must look masculine When he is married, he must act as a great husband with breadwinner role Women’s role is at home Oldest son is crucial, making decision Gender in socialism (after 1945, before Doi moi) 3 đảm (3 responsibilities): Bearing children, earning living, and public servants during the war (Northern women)Women’s Union, Law on Marriage and Family“Equality of men and women”, Abolishing the discrimination of fuedal gendered norms“Progressive, happy and harmonious family” , Husband and wife are expected to be faithful, love and respect to each other to build an ideal family Women start to play productive role (working in factory, in the field, state owned companies, forestry cooperative, workshops, business shops)Men start to share domestic work (notable men in the north)Gender in Doi Moi Gender equity law (2006): Equal opportunities for men and women for development Domestic Violence Prevention and Control (2007)Women are expected to lead role in nation building=> Women do the triple role Gender issues in practice Husband over wife Violence More pressure for women in triple roleWomen’s under representation in leadership Low voice of women in decision making (home, society, gov.) Women have less access and control over resources and benefit More vulnerability to social and environmental impacts (land convert, climate change, water issues)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaPT08BgtNk Discussion : Comparison and reflection Feminism and change in gender relationQuestions and Answers MigrationHistory of human mobility Migration is linked with the history of building and keeping the country. The Legend “ Au Co & Lac Long Quan” Migration policy is influenced by Russia (Virgin Land Program) and China (Great Leap Forward)  3rd & 4th Party Congress 1960 and 1976 push migration from lowland to highlandMigration is for political cause (1954 northern non-communists, after 1975 southern public servants oversea) Chinese migrate to VN (Going global policy) Migration is for economic opportunity Reasons for migrationMoving in and moving outAge profile of internal migrants: Viet Nam Key Features Working as laborers in export-led manufactures, construction and informal sector Increased mobility in the forms of seasonal and circular migration, especially females Gender and migration 1990s: only men and unmarried women migrate 2004: 50 -70% migrants are womenCouple migrate; husband migrate, wife migrate, leaving children behind Risk of men’s mobility (social evil, remittance, health, marriage)Advantage of women’s mobility (“safe”, more savings) Many Vietnamese brides are considered “sold’ just like commodities and many Korean husbands think they can buy their wives with money.Most brides expect a better life in Korea but they realise they have been conned as soon as they arrive...Many migrant brides suffer from domestic violence or economic problemsDiscussion Issues of migration Issue of female migrants? Urbanization Policy : Even distribution of economic growth and urban development Urbanization is necessary for modernization and industrialization (SEDP strategy) Features 34% urban population growth per year => rapid stage Fastest growth in HCM, Hanoi and surrounding areas and medium size cities High economic growth and Industrial concentration (manufacturing, deep water port, freight transportation .)Hanoi : 1,827people /km2, total population: 6.451.909Danang: 638 people/ km2, total population :973.800HoChiMinh City: 3,155 people/km2, total population: 7.162.864 Urban transition Welfare shift Demographic shift Administrative shift Physical shift Economic shift Issues of urbanization? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD7gjms_VB4Housing Mobility/ trafficBasic services Spacial development Urban Master plan Land use (land market, land management and governance )Competiveness in freight transportation (logistic, infrastructure)