Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 12: Investments

Investments12 Accounting for Investment SecuritiesBonds and notes(Debt securities)Common and preferred stock(Equity securities)Investments can be accounted for in a variety of ways, depending on the nature of the investment relationship.Reporting Categories for InvestmentsLearning ObjectivesDemonstrate how to identify and account for investments classified for reporting purposes as held to maturity.LO1Trading securities (TS) are bought and held primarily to be sold in the near term.Securities available for sale (SAS) are expected to be held for an unspecified period of time.Reporting Categories for InvestmentsHeld-to-maturity (HTM) securities are investments in debt the investor intends and has the ability to hold until they mature.Securities to Be Held to MaturityOn January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. purchased as an investment $1,000,000, of 10%, 10-year bonds, interest paid semi-annually. The market rate for similar bonds is 12%, so Matrix paid $885,301 for the bonds. Let’s look at the required journal entries.$885,301 × (12% ÷ 2) = $53,118Securities to Be Held to Maturity$114,699 - $3,118 = $111,581 unamortized discountOn January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. purchased as an investment $1,000,000, of 10%, 10-year bonds, interest paid semi-annually. The market rate for similar bonds is 12%, so Matrix paid $885,301 for the bonds. Let’s look at the required journal entries.Investments Held for an Unspecified Period of Time When an investment is held for an unspecified period of time, it is reported at the fair value of the security on the reporting date.Must be “readily determinable”Otherwise, the investment is reported at cost..Learning ObjectivesDemonstrate how to identify and account for investments classified for reporting purposes as available-for-sale.LO2Securities Available-for-SaleAdjustments to fair value are recorded as:a direct adjustment to the investment account, andan allowance account in the equity section of the balance sheet called “Net Unrealized Holding Gains/Losses”.Securities Available for Sale ExampleMatrix, Inc. purchased the securities listed below in 2006. They are classified as Securities Available for Sale (SAS). The fair value of the securities were determined on December 31, 2006. Prepare the journal entries for Matrix, Inc. to adjust the securities to fair value at December 31, 2006.Securities Available for Sale Example.This net unrealized holding gain is reported as an allowance in the equity section of the balance sheet.Other Comprehensive IncomeWhen we add other comprehensive income to net income we refer to the result as “comprehensive income.”Securities Available for SaleAccumulated other comprehensive income from securities available-for-sale are reported in the equity section of the balance sheet as part of Accumulated other comprehensive income.Securities Available for SaleThis is called . . .ImpairmentOccasionally, an investment’s value will decline for reasons that are “other than temporary”.Securities Available for SaleThe new cost basis (the impaired fair value) is not changed for subsequent recoveries in fair value.If the value is impaired . . . . . . the recorded cost of the security is reduced to the impaired fair value, and the difference is included in the current period’s income.Learning ObjectivesDemonstrate how to identify and account for investments classified for reporting purposes as trading securities.LO3Trading SecuritiesAdjustments to fair value are recorded as:a direct adjustment to the investment account, anda net unrealized holding gain/loss on the Income Statement.IncomeGainsLossesTrading Securities Matrix, Inc. purchased the addition securities classified as Trading Securities (TS) in 2006. The fair value amounts were determined on December 31, 2006. Prepare the journal entries for Matrix, Inc. to adjust the securities to fair value at 12/31/06.Trading SecuritiesThe Net Unrealized Holding Loss is reported on the Income Statement.Trading SecuritiesUnrealized holding gains and losses from trading securities are reported on the income statement.Transfers Between Reporting CategoriesUnrealized holding gains or losses at reclassification should be accounted for in a manner consistent with the classification into which the security is being transferred. Transfers are accounted for at fair value on the transfer date.DisclosuresAggregateGross Realized& Unrealized Holding The change innet unrealizedholding gainsmaturities of debt securitiesAmortizedcost basisby majorLearning ObjectivesExplain what constitutes significant influence by the investor over the operating and financial policies of the investee.LO4When an investment results in the control of the investee (generally > 50%), the subsidiary is consolidated with the parent company. The cost method is used for investments in equity securities when significant influence is not present.The equity method is used for investments in equity securities resulting in significant influence (20%-50%). Learning ObjectivesUnderstand the way investments are recorded and reported by the equity method.LO5Equity MethodThe investment account is increased by:Original investment cost.Proportionate share of investee's earnings.The investment account is decreased by:Dividends received.Equity MethodThe investment account is reported on the balance sheet as a single amount.The investor’s share of the investee’s earnings from date of acquisition is reported as a single item on the investor’s income statement.Equity Method On January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. acquired 45% of the equity securities of Apex, Inc. for $1,350,000. On the acquisition date, Apex’s net assets had a fair value of $3,000,000. During 2006, Apex cash paid dividends of $150,000 and reported net income of $1,750,000. What amount will Matrix, Inc. report on the balance sheet as Investment in Apex, Inc.? Equity MethodEquity MethodEquity MethodInvestment in Apex, Inc. Investment 1,350,000 67,500 45% Dividends45% Earnings 787,500Reported amount 2,070,000 If the subsidiary had a loss, the investment account would have been reduced.Learning ObjectivesExplain the adjustments made in the equity method when the fair value of the net assets underlying an investment exceeds their book value at acquisition.LO6Equity MethodIf the investor acquires the equity securities of an investee by paying more than the fair value of net assets . . . . . . the difference is allocated between GOODWILL and IDENTIFIABLE ASSETS.Equity MethodOn January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. purchase 25% of the common stock of Apex, Inc. for $200,000. At the date of acquisition, the book value of the net assets of Apex was $480,000, and the net fair value of these assets is $600,000. During 2006, Apex paid cash dividends of $40,000, and reported earnings of $100,000. Let’s prepare the journal entries to reflect the acquisition and other events during 2006.Equity MethodAssume that of the $50,000 excess of purchase price over fair value of the net asset acquired, 75% is attributable to depreciable assets with a remaining life of 20 years and the remainder is considered goodwill. Matrix uses the straight-line method of depreciation on similar owned assets.Equity MethodRemember, goodwill is not amortized.Changing From Equity To Cost At the transfer date, the carrying value of the investment under the equity method is regarded as cost.When the investor’s level of influence changes, it may be necessary to change from the equity method to another method.Changing From Equity To CostAny difference between cost and fair value is recorded in a valuation account and is recognized as an unrealized holding gain or loss.After the transfer, the investment is treated as a trading security or a security available for sale, depending on management’s intent.Changing From Cost To EquityWhen ownership level increases to a significant influence, the investor may change to the equity method.At the transfer date, the recorded value is the initial cost of the investment adjusted for the investor’s equity in the undistributed earnings of the investee since the original investment.Changing From Cost To EquityThe original cost, the unrealized holding gain or loss, and the valuation account are closed.A retroactive change is recorded to recognize the investor’s share of the investee’s earnings since the original investment.Financial Instruments & DerivativesFinancial Instruments:Cash.Evidence of an ownership interest in an entity.Contracts meeting certain conditions.Derivatives:Hedges created to offset risks created by other financial investments or transactions.Value is derived from other securities. Appendix 12AOther InvestmentsSpecial Purpose FundsIt is often convenient for companies to set aside money to be used for specific purposes. In the short-term funds may be set aside forPetty cash funds.Payroll accounts.In the long-run funds are often set aside to:Pay long-term debt when it comes due.Acquire treasury stock.Special purpose funds set aside for the long-term are classified as investments.Investment in Life Insurance PoliciesIt is a common practice for companies to purchase life insurance policies on key officers. The company pays the premium and is the beneficiary of the policy. If the officer dies the company receives the proceeds from the policy. Some types of policies build a portion of each premium as cash surrender value. The cash surrender value of such a policy is classified as an investment on the balance sheet of the company. Appendix 12BImpairment of a Receivable Due to a Troubled Debt RestructuringWhen the Receivable is Settled OutrightWhen the original terms of a debt agreement are changed as a result of financial difficulties experienced by the debtor, the new arrangement is referred to as a troubled debt restructuring.Sometimes a troubled debt is settled in full when the debtor transfers to the creditor assets or equities. The creditor usually recognized a loss on the settlement. Such a settlement is not considered unusual or infrequent and is not an extraordinary item.When the Receivable is Settled OutrightCreditor, Inc. is owed $1,000,000 by Debtor Company. Because of financial difficulties, Debtor Company is unable to pay the $1,000,000 due or the accrued interest of $42,500. Creditor, Inc. agrees to accept a parcel of land with a fair market value of $615,000 in full settlement of the debt and the accrued interest.When the Receivable is Continued, But with Modified TermsCreditor, Inc. is owed $1,000,000 by Debtor Company. Because of financial difficulties, Debtor Company is unable to pay the $1,000,000 due or the accrued interest of $42,500. Creditor, Inc. agrees to forgive the accrued interest of $42,500, and reduce the principal amount to $800,000. Interest of $40,000 is due at the end of each year and the principal amount is due in full at the end of five years. Creditor discounts future cash inflows at 6%.When the Receivable is Continued, But with Modified TermsThe journal entry to record the forgiveness of principal and accrued interest and record the new note is:End of Chapter 12