Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 16: Professionalism, ethics, and career planning

Chapter 16Professionalism, Ethics, and Career PlanningOutlineExpected outcomesProfessionalismEthicsCertifications and licensureExpected outcomesList and discuss characteristics of a professional.Explain how those characteristics apply to the accounting profession.Define ethics.Discuss various models / schools of ethical decision making.Explain how to resolve ethical dilemmas.ProfessionalismBellCommunicates effectively.Thinks rationally, logically and coherently.Appropriately uses technical knowledge.Integrates knowledge from many disciplines.Exhibits ethical professional behavior.Recognizes the influence of political, social, legal, economic and regulatory forces.Actively seeks additional knowledge.ProfessionalismMcDonaldSpecialized knowledge baseComplex skillsAutonomy of practiceAdherence to a code of ethical behaviorProfessionalismLecture break 16-1Think of someone you know that you consider “professional” based on the ideas just presented. With a partner, discuss that person, pointing out how they exemplify the characteristics of a professional.EthicsMoral philosophyThree areasMeta-ethics: Where do ethical principles come from? What do they mean?Normative ethics: What moral standards regulate right and wrong conduct?Applied ethics: How should people respond to specific controversial issues?EthicsEthical issues in accountingEarnings managementPerformance evaluationUse of estimatesDecisions involving human judgmentTaxationStructuring transactions to meet certain accounting rulesEthicsSchools of ethical thoughtUtilitarianism The end justifies the means The greatest good for the greatest numberRights and dutiesIndividuals have certain rights; others should not interfere with them.Justice People should be given what they deserve. Hamlet: If everyone gets what they deserve, who will escape whipping?VirtuesPeople should do what is right, moral and virtuousEthicsLecture break 16-2Joe is frequently in conflict with his supervisor, Jill. Jill is considering giving Joe a poor performance review in an effort to get him terminated.Choose one of the four schools of ethical thought.Explain how Jill might justify her decision based on the school you chose.EthicsModels for making ethical decisionsLangenderfer and RocknessIdentify the facts.Identify the ethics issues & stakeholders involved.Define the norms, principles and values related to the situation.Identify the alternative courses of action.Evaluate the consequences of each possible course of action.EthicsModels for making ethical decisionsLangenderfer and Rockness (continued)Decide the best course of action consistent with the norms, principles and values.If appropriate, discuss the alternative with a trusted person to help gain greater perspective regarding the alternatives.Reach a decision as to the appropriate course of action. EthicsModels for making ethical decisionsMintz and MorrisFrame the ethical issue.Gather all the facts.Identify the stakeholders and obligations.Identify the relevant accounting ethics standards involved in the situation.Identify the operational issues.EthicsModels for making ethical decisionsMintz and Morris (continued)Identify the accounting and auditing issues.List all the possible alternatives you can or cannot do.Compare and weigh the alternatives.Decide on a course of action.Reflect on your decision.EthicsLecture break 16-3Mike has observed what he believes to be fraud in his company. Employees paid through a government grant are doing less than 1% of the work for which they are contracted.Use one of the two ethical decision frameworks to analyze Mike’s options in this situation.Certifications & licensureThe purpose of an accounting degree is not to prepare a student to pass a particular certification / licensure exam.The purpose of an accounting degree is to teach a student how to think and behave like an accountant.Nevertheless, certification / licensure is a worthy goal in our profession.Certifications & licensureCertification: mastery of a body of knowledgeCertified Fraud ExaminerCertified Internal AuditorCertified Management AccountantCertified Information Systems AuditorLicense: permission from some authoritative body to perform a particular taskCertified Public AccountantClassroom assessmentThis chapter has focused on:ProfessionalismEthicsCertification and licensure in accountingOn your own, prepare a diagram or write a paragraph that connects those three topics to one another.Discuss your work with a partner or in a small group.