Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 25: Departmentalized profit and cost centers

1-*McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Departmentalized Profit and Cost Centers Section 1: Profit and Cost Centers and Departmental AccountingChapter25Section ObjectivesExplain profit centers and cost centers.Prepare the Gross Profit section of a departmental income statement.Explain and identify direct and indirect departmental expenses.Choose the basis for allocation of indirect expenses and compute the amounts to be allocated to each department.Managerial AccountingProvides financial information about business segments, activities, or products.Supplies information on profitability of a specific department or order.Provides data for making decisions.Cost centers do not directly earn revenue.Cost centers often provide services to other business segments: Accounting department Information systems department Purchasing departmentCost CentersProfit CentersAccounting data is gathered and analyzed separately for each center. Sells products or services to customers  outside the business. Can also be a segment of a company that  provides a product to another revenue- producing segment. Responsibility Accounting allows management to evaluate the performance of each segment of the business and assign responsibility for its financial segments.Responsibility AccountingWhy do businesses track revenue and expenses by segment?QUESTION:Detailed data on individual departments helps managers assess the profitability of products and department operationsANSWER:Departmentalized Operations Departmental accounts are included in the  general ledger. Sales and purchases are recorded by  department. Merchandise inventories are counted and  reported by department.Departmental Income StatementGross profit by department Direct expenses can be identified directly  with a department. Indirect expenses cannot be directly related  to an activity in a department. Semidirect expenses cannot be directly  assigned to individual departments, but are  closely related to individual departments.Operating Expenses Takes place after adjusting entries have been  made and adjusted trial balance completed. Can be based on: percent of sales, percent of value of merchandise inventory, percent of space occupied.Allocating Semidirect and Indirect ExpensesInsurance: Based on the cost of the furniture, fixtures, and inventory used in the  department’s operationsUtilities: Based on square footage occupiedExpense AllocationsOffice Salaries: Based on total sales for each department. Do not apply to operations. Are not allocated to departments. Appear in the Other Income and Other  Expenses section of the income statement.Nondepartmentalized Expenses Interest income and interest expenses are  not allocated to departments.Departmentalized Profit and Cost Centers Section 2: DepartmentalIncome StatementsChapter25Section ObjectivesPrepare a departmental income statement showing the contribution margin and operating income for each department.Use a departmental income statement in making decisions such as whether a department should be closed. Reports net income from operations for each  department after all expenses are allocated. Highlights individual department’s financial  information. Identifies the contribution margin for each  department. Departmental Income StatementContribution Margin Departments with a positive contribution margin help to pay the semidirect and indirect expenses of the businessLimitations to Departmental Income from OperationsDifficult to determine fair allocation of semidirect and indirect expenses.Difficult to assess outcome if certain departments were eliminated.The concept of contribution margin provides owners and managers with valuable assistance in making decisions.Contribution MarginUnfortunately, contribution margin figures are not provided in traditional financial reports.A business is said to “break-even” when total revenues equal total expenses. Another way of describing the break-even point is when the contribution margin equals fixed expenses.Dividing the Fixed costs by the unit contribution margin will result in the number of units that need to be sold to break even.The units can be translated into sales dollars by multiplying the result by the selling price of the unit.The Break-Even Point