• Define internal control and explain why it is needed.
• Explain the common principles and limitations of internal
control.
• Apply internal control principles to cash receipts and payments.
• Describe the operation of voucher and petty cash systems.
• Prepare a bank reconciliation.
• Describe the reporting of cash and cash equivalents.
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International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 1
LOGO
International Accounting of Financial
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 2
Learning of objective:
• Define internal control and explain why it is needed.
• Explain the common principles and limitations of internal
control.
• Apply internal control principles to cash receipts and payments.
• Describe the operation of voucher and petty cash systems.
• Prepare a bank reconciliation.
• Describe the reporting of cash and cash equivalents.
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 3
Table of content
6.1 Internal Control
6.2 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
6.3 The Components of Internal Control
6.4 Internal Controls for E-Commerce
6.5 The Bank Account as a Control Device
6.6 The Bank Reconciliation
6.7 Internal Control over Cash Receipts
6.8 Internal Control over Cash Payments
6.9 The Petty Cash Fund
6.10 Ethics and Accounting
6.1 INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 4
Definition
In business, internal control is defined as the methods
an organization uses to protect against the theft of assets,
enhance the reliability of accounting information, promote
efficient and effective operations, and ensure compliance with
applicable laws, regulations, and codes of ethical conduct.
6.2 THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT (SOX)
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 5
Although internal control is essential to businesses of
all sizes, it has become one of the most important issues facing
public companies today. The first decade of this century
brought several high-profile accounting scandals involving
Enron, WorldCom, and a number of other publicly owned
companies. To restore investor confidence and improve the
quality of financial reporting in the United States, the U.S.
Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002 .
This new act has led public companies to strengthen their
internal controls and to better inform financial statement users
of their effectiveness in producing accurate financial
statements and preventing fraud.
6.3 THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 6
A business can achieve its internal control
objectives by applying five components.
● Monitoring of controls
● Information system
● Control procedures
● Control Environment
● Risk assessment
International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 2
6.3 THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 7
Monitoring of Controls
Companies hire auditors to monitor their controls.
Internal auditors are employees of the business
who ensure that the company’s employees are following
company, policies and that operations are running
efficiently. Internal auditors also determine whether the
company is following legal requirements to monitor
internal controls to safeguard assets.
6.3 THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 8
Information System
As we have seen, the information system is critical.
Controls must be in place within the information system
to ensure that only authorized users have access to various
parts of the accounting information system. Additionally,
controls must be in place to
insure adequate approvals for recorded transactions are in
place. The decision makers
need accurate information to keep track of assets and
measure profits and losses.
6.3 THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 9
Control Procedures
Control procedures are designed to ensure that the
business’s goals are achieved.
6.3 THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 10
Control Environment
The control environment is the “tone at the top” of the
business. It starts with the owner
or CEO and the top managers. They must behave
honorably to set a good example for
company employees. Each must demonstrate the
importance of internal controls if he or
she expects the employees to take the controls seriously
6.3 THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 11
Risk Assessment
A company must identify its risks. For example, Kraft
Foods faces the risk that its food
products may harm people, American Airlines planes
may crash, and all companies face the risk of bankruptcy.
Companies facing difficulties might be tempted to falsify
the financial statements to make themselves look better
than they really are. As part of the internal control system,
the company’s business risk must be assessed. The higher
the risk, the more controls must be in place to safeguard
the company’s assets.
6.4 INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR E-COMMERCE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 12
Whether the business is Smart Touch, Microsoft,
all companies
need the following internal control procedures:
- Competent, Reliable, and Ethical Personnel
- Assignment of Responsibilities
International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 3
6.4 INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR E-COMMERCE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 13
Competent, Reliable, and Ethical Personnel
Employees should be competent, reliable, and
ethical. Paying good salaries will
attract high-quality employees. Employees should also be
trained to do the job and
their work should be adequately supervised.
6.4 INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR E-COMMERCE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 14
Assignment of Responsibilities
In a business with good internal controls, no duty is
overlooked. Each employee has certain responsibilities. At
Smart Touch, Sheena Bright is the president. Suppose she
writes the checks in order to control cash payments. She
lets Andrew, her brother, do the accounting. In a large
company, the person in charge of writing checks is called
the treasurer. The chief accounting officer is called the
controller.
6.4 INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR E-COMMERCE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 15
Smart management divides responsibility between
two or more people. Separation of duties limits fraud and
promotes the accuracy of the accounting records.
Separation of duties can be divided into two parts:
- Separate operations from accounting.
- Separate the custody of assets from accounting.
6.4 INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR E-COMMERCE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 16
1. Separate operations from accounting.
Accounting should be completely separate from the
perating departments, such as production and sales. What
would happen if sales personnel recorded the company’s
revenue? Sales figures could be inflated, and then top
managers would not know how much the company
actually sold.
6.4 INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR E-COMMERCE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 17
2. Separate the custody of assets from
accounting. Accountants must not handle cash, and
ashiers must not have access to the accounting records. If
one employee has both duties, the employee could steal
cash and conceal the theft in the accounting records. The
treasurer of a company handles cash, and the controller
accounts for the cash.
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 18
Cash is the most liquid asset because it is the
medium of exchange. Cash is easy to conceal and
elatively easy to steal. As a result, most businesses create
specific controls for cash.
International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 4
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 19
Keeping cash in a bank account helps control cash
because banks have established practices for afeguarding
customers’ money. The controls of a bank account include
the following:
● Signature card
● Deposit ticket
● Check
● Bank statement
● Electronic funds transfers
● Bank reconciliation
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 20
Signature Card
Banks require each person authorized to sign on an
account to provide a signature card. The signature card
shows each authorized person’s signature. This helps
protect against forgery.
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 21
Deposit Ticket
Banks supply standard forms such as deposit tickets.
Completed by the customer,the deposit ticket shows the
amount of each deposit. As proof of the transaction, the
customer keeps a deposit receipt.
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 22
Check
To pay cash, the depositor writes a check, which is a
written, pre-numbered document that tells the bank to pay
the designated party a specified amount. There are three
parties to a check:
● The maker, who signs the check
● The payee, to whom the check is paid
● The bank, on which the check is drawn
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 23
Bank Statement
Banks send monthly statements to customers. A bank
statement reports what the bank did with the customer’s
cash. The statement shows the account’s beginning
and ending balances, cash receipts, and payments.
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 24
Electronic Funds Transfer
Electronic funds transfer (EFT) moves cash by electronic
communication. It is
cheaper to pay without having to mail a check, so many
people pay their mortgage,
rent, and insurance by EFT.
International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 5
6.5 THE BANK ACCOUNT AS A CONTROL DEVICE
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 25
Bank Reconciliation
Preparing a bank reconciliation is considered a control
over cash. The bank reconciliation reconciles on a
specific date the differences between cash on the
company’s books and cash according to the bank’s
records. The preparation of the bank reconciliation is
discussed in detail in the following section.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 26
There are two records of a business’s cash:
1. The Cash account in the company’s general ledger.
Exhibit 6-1 shows that Smart Touch’s ending cash balance
is $21,000. Prepare a bank reconciliation and journalize
the related entries
2. The bank statement, which shows the cash receipts and
payments transacted
through the bank. In Exhibit 6-2, however, the bank shows
an ending balance of $14,070 for Smart Touch.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 27
The books and the bank statement usually show
different cash balances.
Differences arise because of a time lag in recording
transactions, called timing differences. Three examples
of timing differences follow:
● When a business writes a check, it immediately deducts
the amount in its checkbook. But the bank does not
subtract the check from the company’s account until the
bank pays the check a few days later.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 28
● Likewise, a company immediately adds the cash receipt
for all its deposits. But it may take a day or two for the
bank to add deposits to the company’s balance.
● EFT payments and cash receipts are often recorded by
the bank before a company
learns of them. (We will discuss this in more detail later.)
EFT
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 29
Preparing the Bank Reconciliation
Here are the items that appear on a bank reconciliation.
They all cause differences
between the bank balance and the book balance.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 30
Bank Side of the Reconciliation
The bank side contains items not yet recorded by the
bank, but recorded by the company or errors made by the
bank. These items include the following:
1. Deposits in transit
2. Outstanding checks.
3. Bank errors.
International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 6
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 31
1. Deposits in transit (outstanding deposits). These
deposits have been recorded and have already been added
to the company’s book balance, but the bank has not yet
recorded them. Deposits in transit are deposits the
company made that haven’t yet cleared the bank. These
are shown as “Add deposits in transit” on the bank side
because when the bank does record these deposits, it will
increase the bank balance.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 32
2. Outstanding checks. These checks have been recorded
and have already been deducted from the company’s book
balance, but the bank has not yet paid (deducted) them.
Outstanding checks are checks the company wrote that
haven’t yet cleared the bank. They are shown as “Less
outstanding checks” on the bank side because when the
bank does record the checks, it will decrease the bank
balance.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 33
3. Bank errors. Bank errors are posting errors made by
the bank that either incorrectly increase or decrease the
bank balance. All bank errors are corrected on the Bank
side of the reconciliation.
6.6 THE BANK RECONCILIATION
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 34
Book Side of the Reconciliation
The book side contains items not yet recorded by the
company on its books but that are recorded by the bank, or
errors made by the company. Items to show on the Book
side
include the following:
1. Bank collections.
2. 2. Electronic funds transfers.
3. Service charge.
4. Interest revenue on a checking account.
5. Nonsufficient funds (NSF) checks.
6. The cost of printed checks.
7. Book errors.
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International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 7
6.7 INTERNAL CONTROL OVER CASH RECEIPTS
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 37
Cash Receipts over the Counter
The point-of-sale terminal (cash register) provides control over the
cash receipts. Consider a Target store. For each transaction, Target
issues a receipt to ensure that each sale is recorded. The cash drawer
opens when the clerk enters a transaction, and the machine (cash
register) records it. At the end of the day, a manager proves the cash
by comparing the cash in the drawer against the machine’s record of
sales. This step helps prevent theft by the clerk.
At the end of the day—or several times a day if business is brisk—
the cashierdeposits the cash in the bank. The machine tape then goes
to the accounting department to record the journal entry to record
cash receipts and sales revenue. These measures, coupled with
oversight by a manager, discourage theft.
6.7 INTERNAL CONTROL OVER CASH RECEIPTS
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 38
Cash Receipts by Mail
Many companies receive cash by mail. All incoming mail
is opened by a mailroom employee. The mailroom then
sends all customer checks to the treasurer, who has the
cashier deposit the money in the bank. The remittance
advices go to the accounting department for journal
entries to Cash and customer accounts. As a final control,
the controller compares the following records for the day.
6.8 INTERNAL CONTROL OVER CASH PAYMENTS
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 39
Controls over Payment by Check
As we have seen, companies need a good separation of
duties between operations and writing checks for cash
payments. Payment by check is an important internal
control for the following reasons:
● The check provides a record of the payment.
● The check must be signed by an authorized official.
● Before signing the check, the official reviews the
invoice or other evidence supporting the payment.
6.8 INTERNAL CONTROL OVER CASH PAYMENTS
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 40
Controls over Purchase and Payment
To illustrate the internal control over cash payments by
check, suppose Smart Touch buys its inventory from
Sony. The purchasing and payment process follows these
steps
STEP 1: Smart Touch e-mails a purchase order to Sony
that states, “Please send us 1,000 DVD-Rs.”
STEP 2: Sony ships the goods and e-mails an invoice
back to Smart Touch.
STEP 3: Smart Touch receives the inventory and prepares
a receiving report.
STEP 4: After approving all documents, Smart Touch
sends a check to Sony.
6.8 INTERNAL CONTROL OVER CASH PAYMENTS
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 41
Controlling Small Cash Payments
It is not cost-effective to write a check for a taxi fare. To
meet these needs, companies keep cash on hand to pay
small amounts. This fund is called petty cash and is
discussed in detail in the next section.
6.9 THE PETTY CASH FUND
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 42
We have already established that cash is the most
liquid of assets. Petty cash is more liquid than cash in the
bank because none of the bank controls are in place.
Therefore, petty cash needs controls such as the
following:
International Financial Accounting CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL CONTROL
AND CASH
MA. Nguyen Quoc Nhat- nhatnq.faa@gmail.com 8
6.9 THE PETTY CASH FUND
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 43
● Designate a custodian of the petty cash fund. The
custodian is the individual
assigned responsibility for the petty cash fund.
● Designate a specific amount of cash to be kept in the
petty cash fund.
● Support all petty cash fund payments with a petty cash
ticket. These tickets are
sequentially numbered. The petty cash ticket serves as an
authorization voucher
6.10 ETHICS AND ACCOUNTING
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 44
Corporate and Professional Codes of Ethics
Corporate and Professional Codes of Ethics Most
companies have a code of ethics to encourage employees
to behave ethically. But codes of ethics are not enough by
themselves. As professionals, accountants are expected to
maintain higher standards than society in general
6.10 ETHICS AND ACCOUNTING
INTERNAL CONTROL AND CASH 45
Ethical Issues in Accounting
In many situations, the ethical choice is obvious. For
example, stealing cash is both unethical and illegal. In
other cases, the choices are more difficult.