Quản trị Kinh doanh - Chapter 3: Adjusting accounts and preparing financial statements

Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial StatementsChapter 3PowerPoint Editor: Beth Kane, MBA, CPACopyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education 03-C1: The Accounting Period 2The Accounting PeriodC 13 03-C2: Accrual Basis versus Cash Basis 4Accrual Basis versus Cash BasisAccrual BasisRevenues are recognized when earned and expenses are recognized when incurred.Cash BasisRevenues are recognized when cash is received and expenses are recorded when cash is paid.C 25Cash BasisRevenues are recognized when cash is received and expenses are recorded when cash is paid.Accrual Basis versus Cash BasisNon-GAAPC 2Accrual BasisRevenues are recognized when earned and expenses are recognized when incurred.6Accrual Basis versus Cash BasisOn December 1, 2015, FastForward paid $2,400 cash for a twenty-four month business insurance policy. Using the cash basis, the entire $2,400 would be recognized as insurance expense in 2015. No insurance expense from this policy would be recognized in 2016 or 2017, periods covered by the policy.C 27Accrual Basis versus Cash BasisOn the accrual basis, $100 of insurance expense is recognized in 2015, $1,200 in 2016, and $1,100 in 2017. The expense is matched with the periods benefited by the insurance coverage.C 28Recognizing Revenues C 2The revenue recognition principle states that we recognize revenue when the product or service is delivered to our customer.9Recognizing ExpensesThe expense recognition (or matching) principle aims to record expenses in the same accounting period as the revenues that are earned as a result of those expenses. This matching of expenses with the revenue benefits is a major part of the adjusting process.C 210 03-C3: Framework for Adjustments 11Framework for AdjustmentsC 312An adjusting entry is made at the end of an accounting period to reflect a transaction or event that is not yet recorded.  03-P1: Prepaid (Deferred) Expenses 13Prepaid (Deferred) ExpensesResources paid for prior to receiving the actual benefits.P 114NEED-TO-KNOWFor each separate case below, follow the three-step process for adjusting the prepaid asset account. Step 1:Determine what the current account balance equals. Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal. Step 3:Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.Assume no other adjusting entries are made during the year.Prepaid Insurance. The Prepaid Insurance account has a $5,000 debit balance to start the year. A review of insurance policies and payments shows that $1,000 of unexpired insurance remains at year-end.Prepaid Rent. On October 1 of the current year, the company prepaid $12,000 for one year of rent for facilities being occupied from that day forward. The company debited Prepaid Rent and credited Cash for $12,000. December 31 year-end statements must be prepared.Supplies. The Supplies account has an $1,000 debit balance to start the year. Supplies of $2,000 were purchased during the current year and debited to the Supplies account. A December 31 physical count shows $500 of supplies remaining.Accumulated Depreciation. The company has only one fixed asset (equipment) that it purchased at the start of this year. That asset had cost $38,000, had an estimated life of 10 years, and is expected to be valued at $8,000 at the end of the 10-year life.P 115NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$5,000Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$1,000Unadj.5,000Adjustment4,000Adj.1,000Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Insurance expense4,000Prepaid Insurance4,000Prepaid Insurance. The Prepaid Insurance account has a $5,000 debit balance to start the year. A review of insurance policies and payments shows that $1,000 of unexpired insurance remains at year-end.Prepaid InsuranceGeneral JournalP 116Income StatementRevenueDebit ExpenseBalance SheetCredit AssetLiabilityNEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$12,000Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$9,000Oct. 112,000Adjustment3,000Dec. 319,000Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Rent Expense3,000Prepaid Rent3,000Prepaid RentGeneral JournalPrepaid Rent. On October 1 of the current year, the company prepaid $12,000 for one year of rent for facilities being occupied from that day forward. The company debited Prepaid Rent and credited Cash for $12,000. December 31 year-end statements must be prepared.P 117Income StatementRevenueDebit ExpenseBalance SheetCredit AssetLiabilityNEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$3,000Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$500Unadj.3,000Adjustment2,500Dec. 31500Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Supplies Expense2,500Supplies2,500Supplies. The Supplies account has a $1,000 debit balance to start the year. Supplies of $2,000 were purchased during the current year and debited to the Supplies account. A December 31 physical count shows $500 of supplies remaining.SuppliesGeneral JournalP 118Income StatementRevenueDebit ExpenseBalance SheetCredit AssetLiabilityNEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$0Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$3,000Unadj.0Adjustment3,000Dec. 313,000 ($38,000 - $8,000) 10 yearsStep 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Depreciation Expense3,000Accumulated Depreciation3,000Accumulated DepreciationGeneral JournalAccumulated Depreciation. The company has only one fixed asset (equipment) that it purchased at the start of this year. That asset had cost $38,000, had an estimated life of 10 years, and is expected to be valued at $8,000 at the end of the 10-year life.P 119Income StatementRevenueDebit ExpenseBalance SheetCredit AssetLiabilityUnearned (Deferred)RevenuesCash received in advance of providing products or services.P 120NEED-TO-KNOWFor each separate case below, follow the three-step process for adjusting the unearned revenue liability account. Step 1: Determine what the current account balance equals. Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal. Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.Assume no other adjusting entries are made during the year.Unearned Rent Revenue. The company collected $24,000 rent in advance on September 1, debiting Cash and crediting Unearned Rent Revenue. The tenant was paying 12 months rent in advance and occupancy began September 1.Unearned Services Revenue. The company charges $100 per month to spray a house for insects. A customer paid $600 on November 1 in advance for six treatments, which was recorded with a debit to Cash and a credit to Unearned Services Revenue. At year-end, the company has applied two treatments for the customer.P 121NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$24,000Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$16,000Sept. 124,000Adjustment8,000Dec. 3116,000 (8 mos. @ $2,000)Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Unearned Rent Revenue8,000Rent Revenue8,000General JournalUnearned Rent Revenue. The company collected $24,000 rent in advance on September 1, debiting Cash and crediting Unearned Rent Revenue. The tenant was paying 12 months rent in advance and occupancy began September 1.Unearned Rent RevenueIncome StatementRevenueExpenseBalance SheetAssetLiabilityDebitCreditP 122NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$600Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$400Nov. 1600Adjustment200Dec. 31400Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Unearned Services Revenue200Services Revenue200Unearned Services Revenue. The company charges $100 per month to spray a house for insects. A customer paid $600 on November 1 in advance for six treatments, which was recorded with a debit to Cash and a credit to Unearned Services Revenue. At year-end, the company has applied two treatments for the customer.Unearned Services RevenueGeneral JournalIncome StatementRevenueExpenseBalance SheetAssetLiabilityDebitCreditP 123Costs incurred in a period that areboth unpaid and unrecorded.Accrued ExpensesP 124NEED-TO-KNOWFor each separate case below, follow the three-step process for adjusting the accrued expense account. Step 1: Determine what the current account balance equals. Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal. Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.Assume no other adjusting entries are made during the year.Salaries Payable. At year-end, salaries expense of $5,000 has been incurred by the company, but is not yet paid to employees.Interest Payable. At its December 31 year-end, the company holds a mortgage payable that has incurred $1,000 in annual interest that is neither recorded nor paid. The company intends to pay the interest on January 3 of the next year.P 125NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$0Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$5,000Unadj.0Adjustment5,000Dec. 315,000Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Salaries Expense5,000Salaries Payable5,000Salaries Payable. At year-end, salaries expense of $5,000 has been incurred by the company, but is not yet paid to employees.Salaries PayableGeneral JournalIncome StatementRevenueExpenseBalance SheetAssetLiabilityCreditDebitP 126NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$0Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$1,000Unadj.0Adjustment1,000Dec. 311,000Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Interest Expense1,000Interest Payable1,000Interest Payable. At its December 31 year-end, the company holds a mortgage payable that has incurred $1,000 in annual interest that is neither recorded nor paid. The company intends to pay the interest on January 3 of the next year.Interest PayableGeneral JournalIncome StatementRevenueExpenseBalance SheetAssetLiabilityCreditDebitP 127Accrued RevenuesRevenues earned in a period that are both unrecorded and not yet received.P 128NEED-TO-KNOWFor each separate case below, follow the three-step process for adjusting the accrued revenue account. Step 1: Determine what the current account balance equals. Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal. Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.Assume no other adjusting entries are made during the year.Accounts Receivable. At year-end, the company has completed services of $1,000 for a client, but the client has not yet been billed for those services.Interest Receivable. At year-end, the company has earned, but not yet recorded, $500 of interest earned from its investments in government bonds.P 129NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$0Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$1,000Unadj.0Adjustment1,000Dec. 311,000Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Accounts Receivable1,000Services Revenue1,000Accounts ReceivableGeneral JournalAccounts Receivable. At year-end, the company has completed services of $1,000 for a client, but the client has not yet been billed for those services.Income StatementRevenueExpenseBalance SheetAssetLiabilityDebitCreditP 130NEED-TO-KNOWStep 1: Determine what the current account balance equals.$0Step 2: Determine what the current account balance should equal.$500Unadj.0Adjustment500Dec. 31500Step 3: Record an adjusting entry to get from step 1 to step 2.DateDebitCreditDec. 31Interest Receivable500Interest Revenue500Interest Receivable. At year-end, the company has earned, but not yet recorded, $500 of interest earned from its investments in government bonds.Interest ReceivableGeneral JournalIncome StatementRevenueExpenseBalance SheetAssetLiabilityDebitCreditP 131 03-A1: Links to Financial Statements 32Links to Financial StatementsA 133 03-P2: Adjusted Trial Balance 34Adjusted Trial Balance35P 2 03-P3: Preparing Financial Statements 36Preparing Financial Statements from an Adjusted Trial BalanceP3Step 1— Prepare income statement using revenue and expense accounts from trial balance.Step 2—Prepare statement of owner’s equity using capital and withdrawals accounts from trial balance; and pull net income from step 1.Step 3—Prepare balance sheet using asset and liability account from trial balance; and pull updated capital balance.Step 4—Prepare statement of cash flows from changes in cash flows for the period (illustrated later in the book).37NEED-TO-KNOWDebitCreditCash$13,000Accounts receivable17,000Land85,000Accounts payable$12,000Long-term notes payable33,000Magic, Capital75,000Magic, Withdrawals20,000Fees earned79,000Salaries expense56,000Office supplies expense8,000Totals$199,000$199,000Magic CompanyTrial BalanceDecember 31, 20X2Use the following adjusted trial balance of Magic Company to prepare its (1) income statement, (2) statement of owner’s equity, and (3) balance sheet (unclassified), for the year ended, or date of, December 31, 20X2. The Magic, Capital account balance is $75,000 at December 31, 20X1.P338DebitCreditCash$13,000Accounts receivable17,000Land85,000Accounts payable$12,000Long-term notes payable33,000Magic, Capital75,000Magic Withdrawals20,000Fees earned79,000Salaries expense56,000Office supplies expense8,000Totals$199,000$199,000Fees earned$79,000ExpensesSalaries expense$56,000Office supplies expense8,00064,000Net income$15,000For Year Ended December 31, 20X2Magic CompanyIncome StatementP 339DebitCreditCash$13,000Accounts receivable17,000Land85,000Accounts payable$12,000Long-term notes payable33,000Magic, Capital75,000Magic Withdrawals20,000Fees earned79,000Salaries expense56,000Office supplies expense8,000Totals$199,000$199,000Fees earned$79,000Magic, Capital, Dec. 31 20X1$75,000ExpensesPlus: Net income15,000Salaries expense$56,000Less: Magic, Withdrawals(20,000)Office supplies expense8,000Magic, Capital, Dec. 31 20X2$70,00064,000Net income$15,000For Year Ended December 31, 20X2For Year Ended December 31, 20X2Magic CompanyMagic CompanyIncome StatementStatement of Owner’s EquityP 340DebitCreditCash$13,000Accounts receivable17,000Land85,000Accounts payable$12,000Long-term notes payable33,000Magic, Capital75,000Magic Withdrawals20,000Fees earned79,000Salaries expense56,000Office supplies expense8,000Totals$199,000$199,000Fees earned$79,000Magic, Capital, Dec. 31 20X1$75,000ExpensesPlus: Net income15,000Salaries expense$56,000Less: Magic, Withdrawals(20,000)Office supplies expense8,000Magic, Capital, Dec. 31 20X2$70,00064,000Net income$15,000Cash$13,000Accounts payable$12,000Accounts receivable17,000Long-term notes payable33,000Land85,000Total liabilities45,000Magic, Capital70,000Total assets$115,000Total liabilities and equity115,000AssetsLiabilitiesEquityFor Year Ended December 31, 20X2For Year Ended December 31, 20X2Magic CompanyBalance SheetDecember 31, 20X2Magic CompanyMagic CompanyIncome StatementStatement of Owner’s EquityP 341Global ViewBoth U.S. GAAP and IFRS include similar guidance for adjusting accounts. Although some variations exist in revenue and expense recognition.42 03-A2: Profit Margin 43Profit MarginThe profit margin ratio measures the company’s net income to net sales.ProfitMargin=A 2Limited Brands, Inc.Net IncomeNet Sales44 03-P4: Alternative Accounting of Prepayments 45Appendix 3A: Alternative Accounting for PrepaymentsP4An alternative method is to record all prepaid expenseswith debits to expense accounts. The adjusting entry depends on how the original payment was recorded. 46Appendix 3A: Alternative Accounting for PrepaymentsP447Appendix 3A: Alternative Accounting for RevenuesP4An alternative method is to record all revenues to a liability account or a revenue account. The adjusting entry depends on how the original receipt was recorded. 48Appendix 3A: Alternative Accounting for RevenuesP449End of Chapter 350