The study was conducted in Cho Moi district, An Giang province and aimed to
determine the prevalence of blood parasites in beef cattle. Design of the study
was a cross-sectional with a total of 339 beef blood samples collected to test for
the presence of blood parasites by using of Giemsa-stained thin blood smear
method. The results showed that the prevalence of blood parasites in beef cattle
was 13.57%. Two species were identified, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma
margina. The infected rate of Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma margina were
6.20% and 4.72%, respectively and multiple infection of both Babesia bigemina
and Anaplasma margina was 2.65%. Boophiplus microplus and Rhipicephalus
sanguineus tick were 80.00% and 19.92%, respectively, among 231 samples of
tick. Relative risk ratio was 4.76. This result showed that the exposure factor of
blood parasites highly related with vectors of Boophiplus microplus and
Rhipicephalus sanguineus with correction is 4,76.
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An Giang University Journal of Science – 2017, Vol. 5 (2), 19 – 25
19
SURVEY ON PREVALENCE OF BLOOD PARASITES ON BEEF CATTLE IN CHO
MOI DISTRICT – AN GIANG PROVINCE
Nguyen Phi Bang1, Nguyen The Thao1, Le Thi Thuy Hang1
1An Giang University
Information:
Received: 02/01/2016
Accepted: 01/03/2016
Published: 06/2017
Keywords:
Blood parasite, Babesia
bigemina, Anaplasma margina,
Boophiplus microplus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Cho Moi district, An Giang province and aimed to
determine the prevalence of blood parasites in beef cattle. Design of the study
was a cross-sectional with a total of 339 beef blood samples collected to test for
the presence of blood parasites by using of Giemsa-stained thin blood smear
method. The results showed that the prevalence of blood parasites in beef cattle
was 13.57%. Two species were identified, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma
margina. The infected rate of Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma margina were
6.20% and 4.72%, respectively and multiple infection of both Babesia bigemina
and Anaplasma margina was 2.65%. Boophiplus microplus and Rhipicephalus
sanguineus tick were 80.00% and 19.92%, respectively, among 231 samples of
tick. Relative risk ratio was 4.76. This result showed that the exposure factor of
blood parasites highly related with vectors of Boophiplus microplus and
Rhipicephalus sanguineus with correction is 4,76.
1. INTRODUCTION
Cho Moi is an alluvial island consolidated by Tien
river and Hau river. Here the fertile land is suitable
for rice and dryland crops production, these are
also the main sources of agricultural products in
beef cattle breeding. In Cho Moi district of An
Giang province, beef cattle breeding is very
developed, and the district also has incentive loans
for livestock development in order to encourage
household or farm animal husbandry (Le Thang,
2014). This policy helps develop the beef cattle
herd in Cho Moi district and contribute to raise
income for farmers. However, the majority of
herders in Cho Moi district raise beef cattle, and
they frequently exchange or trade beef cattle with
those in other areas. These trading and exchange
from one area to another are key factors to the
spread of diseases. Though they do not cause a
massive pandemic as infectious diseases, diseases
caused by parasites have complicated
development, spread out silently and
smoulderingly, and finally create a significant loss
to the livestock industry. Diseases with the highest
impact are the blood parasite diseases, i.e the
Trypanosomiasis, Babesiosis, Anaplasmosis and
Theileriosis (Nguyễn Hữu Hưng, et al., 2015).
They fall under the list of dangerous diseases to
animals (MARD, 2005). Findings of the research
can help veteranians evaluate the circulating levels
of blood parasite diseases on beef cattle in Cho Moi
district, An Giang province.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Materials
Research object is the beef cattle in the age <1 year,
1-2 years, > 2 years at household farms in Cho Moi
district of An Giang province.
An Giang University Journal of Science – 2017, Vol. 5 (2), 19 – 25
20
Materials, instruments and chemicals used in the
experiment: microscopy, lame, lamelle, specimen
containers, mice, Giemsa dye, Ethanol, Methanol,
Glycerol, Xylene, antifreeze, microscopic
examination oil.
2.2 Research methodology
2.2.1 Survey methodology
By the method of cross-sectional study and
evidence-control study (understanding the relation
between one (or more) risk factors and blood
parasitic diseases).
2.2.2 Sampling and sample storing methodology
Blood samples of beef cattle were taken randomly
at investigated areas.
The diagnostic methods are based on the method of
(Pham Sy Lang et al, 2006). Get the venous blood
in the ear fringe of beef cattle, Giemsa-stained
thinly spread method of dry blood to find the
presence of blood parasites. Infusion over white
mice to find the presence of Trypanosoma.
Ticks and broking insect vectors were identified
and classified based on the identification method
of authors: Trinh Van Thinh (1982), Phan Trong
Cung (1977).
The intensity of blood parasitic infections on beef
cattle is rated at three different levels, low intensity
(mild infection "+"): There are 1-2
parasites/environment; The medium intensity
(moderate infection "++"): There are 3-4
parasites/environment; high intensity (severe
infection "+++"): over 4 parasites/environment
(Ho Thi Thuan et al, 2000).
2.2.3 Data processing methodology
Calculate prevalence rate in Excel and compare
prevalence rate of blood parasites by Chi-Square
test of statistical software Minitab version 13.1.
2.2.4 Relation ratio between risk and disease
Using RR ratio (Relative ratio) for evaluating
association level between blood parasitic disease
and rate of ticks infection Michael Thrusfield
(2007).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The prevalence of blood parasitic infection on beef cattle in Cho Moi district – An Giang
province
Table 1. Rate of blood parasitic infection at communes of Cho Moi district
Investigate
d
area
No. of
animals (cattle)
No. of
infecte
d
animal
s
(cattle)
Infection
rate
(%)
Babesia
Bigemina
Anaplasma
marginal
Graft infection
No. of
infected
animals
(cattle)
Infection
rate
(%)
No. of
infected
animals
(cattle)
Infection
rate
(%)
No. of infected animals
(cattle)
Infection rate
(%)
My An 90 13 14.44 6 6.67 5 5.56 2 2.22
Nhon My 80 10 12.50 4 5.00 3 3.75 3 3.75
Kien An 99 16 16.16 8 8.08 6 6.06 2 2.02
My Hoi
Dong 70 7 10.00 3 4.29 2 2.86 2 2.86
Total 339 46 13.57 21 6.20 16 4.72 9 2.65
An Giang University Journal of Science – 2017, Vol. 5 (2), 19 – 25
21
By Giemsa-stained method and infusion through
mice we found no presence of Trypanosoma evansi
and Theileria on 339 tested samples, this result
might be due to cattle here have fewer infection
rates with very low intensity or cattle in areas were
not infected or because the survey area did not have
this disease. Results in Table 1 show beef cattle in
four surveyed communes were infected with blood
parasites and disease prevalence is high or low
depending on the locality. At Kien An commune,
we noted the proportion of blood parasite infection
is highest 16.16%, followed by My An commune
with a ratio of 14.44%, at Nhon My commune
12.50% and My Hoi Dong commune had the
lowest prevalence rate, 10%. Thus, the study
showed that overall prevalence of blood parasites
on the herd of beef cattle at Cho Moi district with
general infection rate was 13.57% on the total
number of beef cattle being investigated. Statistical
analysis indicated difference in the prevalence of
blood parasites in four investigated communes at
Cho Moi District has no statistical significance.
This can be explained by the communes located in
the same ecological zone, climate, identical
grazing conditions, similar care. Additionally,
through interviewed farmers, most of them at Cho
Moi district have similar points with farming
methods, food, drinking water, sanitation, cleaning
and breeding waste treatment which makes the
infection rate different but not statistically
significant.
Findings of the level of blood parasitic infection on
beef cattle has low overall infection rate than the
domestic research of Nguyen Huu Hung et al
(2014) in two districts Tinh Bien and Tri Ton, but
much lower than the research of Imelda Kartini
Tefi et al (2014) when examining the prevalence of
blood parasites on beef cattle imported into
Australia. The reason for this difference is because
the majority of beef cattle at Cho Moi District are
household and well-cared, so the spread of this
disease is greatly limited. At other survey areas,
most of cattle are grazing, this is the main reason
for the greater possibility of spreading blood
parasite disease that leads to higher infection rate.
3.2 The prevalence of blood parasitic infection on beef cattle by age in Cho Moi district – An Giang
province
Table 2. The prevalence of blood parasites on beef cattle by age
Age
No. of
animals
(cattle)
No. of
infectedanimals
(cattle)
Infection
rate
(%)
Babesia
Bigemina
Anaplasma
marginal
Graft infection
No. of
infectedani
mals (cattle)
Infectio
n
rate
(%)
No. of
infectedanim
als (cattle)
Infectio
n
rate
(%)
No. of
infectedanim
als (cattle)
Infectio
n
rate
(%)
< 1 year 213 9 4.23a 7 3.29 1 0.47 1 0.47
1-2 years 87 18 20.69b 5 5.75 8 9.19 5 5.75
> 2 years 39 19 48.72c 9 23.08 7 17.95 3 7.69
Total 339 46 13.57 21 6.20 16 4.72 9 2.65
Note: if a, b, c in the same column are different, that is statistically difference (P-value =0,001
The results in table 2 show that cattle in the survey
got blood parasites at all 3 ages (<1 year; 1-2 years;
>2 years) with different rates of infection. The
results of statiscal analysis also showed the
significant difference about rate of infection by
age.
Research recorded a prevalence of blood parasites
in cattle at the age of under 1 year is 4.23%
An Giang University Journal of Science – 2017, Vol. 5 (2), 19 – 25
22
(infected with Anaplasma margina is 0.47%,
infected with Babesia bigemina is 3.29%, graft
infection is 0.47%). At the age of 1-2 years,
infection rate is 20.69% (in which, 5.75% infected
with Babesia bigemina, 9.19 % infected with
Anaplasma Margina, with 05 cases of Babesia
bigemina and Anaplasma Margina graft infection,
in a percentage of 5.75%). For cattle with the age
>2 years, infection rate is 48.72% (in which,
23.08% infected with Babesia bigemina, 17.95%
infected with Anaplasma margina, with 03 cases of
Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma Margina graft
infection, in a percentage of 7.69%). The data table
also shows that surveyed cattles that were infected
with blood parasites were mainly in the ages of 1-
2 years and > 2 years, prevalence of these parasites
has tended to increase with age, this result is due to
the same ecological conditions, older cows are
exposed to opportunities in contacting with ticks
and broking insects in higher pathoge, so the
possibility of infection also increases with age. The
research results are also consistent with the
comments of Trinh Van Thinh (1978), Pham Sy
Lang, Phan Đich Lan (2001).
3.3 Composition and intensity of blood
parasitic infection on cattle in Cho Moi
district – An Giang province
Table 3. Composition and intensity of blood parasitic infection on cattle in Cho Moi district – An Giang province
Classificatio
n
of
parasites
Number of
infected
animals
n = 339
(cattle)
Infectio
n
ratio
(%)
Intensity of infection
(+) (++) (+++)
No. of
infected
animals
(cattle)
Infection
ratio
(%)
No. of
infected
animals
(cattle)
Infection
ratio
(%)
No. of
infected
animals
(cattle)
Infectio
n
ratio
(%)
Babesia
bigemina 21 6.19a 11 52.38 08 38.00 2 9.52
Anaplasma
margina 16 4.72ab 12 75.00 04 25.00 0 0.00
Graft
infection 09 2.65b 06 66.67 03 33.33 0 0.00
Total 46 13.57 29 63.04 16 34.78 2 0.00
Note: if a,b in the same column are different, that is statistically difference (P-value = 0,02)
The results in Table 3 indicate that the prevalence
of blood parasites with light intensity "+" is the
highest (Babesia bigemina 52.38%; Anaplasma
margina 75.00%). Next is medium level "++''
(Babesia bigemina 38.00%; Anaplasma margina
25.00%). Finally, the infection in severe level
"+++" has lowest proportion (Babesia bigemina
9.52%; Anaplasma Margina 0.00%). On-fram
observed symtoms and result from the subclinical
examination showed the presence of blood
parasites. However, cattles in light and medium
intesity group had no clinical signs during
sampling process. the result is consistent with
finding Imelda Kartini Tefi et al, (2014).Authors
such as Pham Van Khue, Phan Luc (1996) also
confirmed no typical symptoms for blood parasites
in light and medium infection intensity, often with
chronic diseases and carrying parasite, they have
the role of stockpiling and transfering pathogens in
the nature .
The cattle which carry parasites are a potential
source of spreading germs, if all the factors, the
disease will be found, such as the ecological
conditions in place that facilitate the ticks, flies,
swarms, bushy plants, damp, cold climate, cattle
work hard, hungry, poor care ... The results are
consistent with the study of Vo Thi Kim Mai
(2008)
An Giang University Journal of Science – 2017, Vol. 5 (2), 19 – 25
23
3.4 The prevalence of broking insects
Table 4. Infection rate with broking insects
The results in Table 4 show that the majority is
Boophiplus microplus in surveyed areas, with a
percentage over 80% of the parasitic form that we
collected with appearance frequency of 185/231,
while the frequency of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
ticks is much lower (46/231) accounting for 19.92
%, which shows the adaptation and development of
them in the survey area. It will be a big threat if the
population of ticks increases , the possibility of
spreading of blood parasites will also increase.
Above results also show a huge role of ticks in the
spread of blood parasitic disease in cattle. The
survey showed infection with ticks accounted for
69.57% of cattle blood parasites. Among that,
Boophilus microplus tick infection rate with
80.08% is the highest, followed by Rhipicephalus
sanguineus ticks with high proportion of 19.92%,
the study showed no presence of swarms Tabanus
on the survey area. This result is consistent with the
study of Phan Trong Cung (1985), Truong Le Van
(2012), which also suggested that Boophiplus
microplus tick is one of 44 species of ticks in
Vietnam causing common parasitic disease, and
has a very wide distribution with essential role in
transfering Bovine Babesiosis disease. In addition
to the role as spreading vector with blood parasitic
disease, ticks have a very big impact on the health
of cattle. During the blood sucking, they not only
take away nutrients but also constitute skin wounds
which are the entry for other pathogenic
microorganisms, and that's a huge impact on the
health and vitality of cattle.
3.5 Determine the risk relative between risk
factor and blood parasitic disease
Table 5. Risk relative between risk factors and blood parasitic disease
Result
Tick infection
(E+)
No tick infection
(E-)
Total RR
No. of infected cattle 32 14 46 4.76
No. of non-infected cattle 78 215 293
Total 110 229 339
According to table 5, the number of cow catch
infected tick with blood parasitic disease have ratio
32/46 holding 69.57%, the number of cow catch
disease but non infected tick have ration 16/46
holding 30.43%, the number of cow non infected
tick and not catch blood parasitic disease have ratio
215/293 holding 73.37% and the number of cow
infected tick and not catch blood parasitic disease
have ratio 78/293 holding 26.62%. The results
represent the number of ticks infected cattle are at
risk for blood parasitic diseases much higher than
non -infected cattle ticks .The data in table 5 and
PR index (relative risk) is 4.76 and we have
concluded that: The exposure factor of vector
Boophiplus microplussp and Rhipicephalus sp
relate to blood parasitic disease. Above result is in
conformity with Vo Thi Kim Mai’s comment
(2008) cliamiing that ticks are the main factor to
Name of broking insect Appearance frequency Rate (%)
Boophilus microplus 185/231 80.08
Rhipicephalus sanguineus 46/231 19.92
Total 231 100
An Giang University Journal of Science – 2017, Vol. 5 (2), 19 – 25
24
transmit blood parasitic disease on cattle especially
Babesia bigemina.
4. CONCLUSION
Through tests on 339 samples of beef in Cho Moi
District of An Giang Province, we recorded 46
samples of blood parasite infections with infected
ratio as 13.57%. All four surveyed commnues were
infected blood parasitic Babesia bigemina and
Anaplasma margina. The ratio infected blood
parasitic that have trend to increase with age. There
are two types of infected parasite that are detected
in the study as Boophiplus microplus và
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in there Boophiplus
microplus hold majority (80.08%) and blood
parasites in beef with intensity (+) percentage and
(++) majority infected samples. Exposure factor of
Boophiplus microplussp aned Rhipicephalus sp
vector relate blood parasitic disease and correlation
factor (relative risk) of the risk factor to affect
disease as PR = 4.76.
Hình 1. Babesia sp and Anaplasma sp with objective lens 100
Hình 2. Female Boophiplus sp and male Boophilus sp on beef cattle
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