Ngày nay, việc áp dụng các thành tựu khoa học và kĩ thuật vào đời sống và sản xuất ngày càng được chú trọng, trong đó kỹ thuật hạt nhân đang được ứng dụng rộng rãi trong các ngành kinh tế quốc dân. Việt Nam, tuy chưa có điện nguyên tử nhưng kỹ thuật hạt nhân đã được sử dụng trong nhiều việc chuẩn đoán và điều trị trong y tế, trong chụp ảnh kiểm tra chất lượng mối hàn.
60 trang |
Chia sẻ: oanhnt | Lượt xem: 1560 | Lượt tải: 1
Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang tài liệu Khóa luận Nhu cầu mục đích của việc che chắn bức xạ; nguyên lý hấp thụ tia X và gamma khi xuyên qua vật chất, để xem tài liệu hoàn chỉnh bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên
ccc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
ccc
c
ccc
c
ccccccccccc
cc !c
"#cc
c
c$%c&c'
c'
ccccc(c
c$%c)
c
c'*
c
'+c'
cc
cc,c- c(.c/c0c1cc$ccc
2c3c$
c
4c cc(c+c$%c 3c
c5c '
cc6ccc5c '7c '
cc ,c
'
c
c!c81c'c#c$%
c1 cccc
cccc5c8c'
c
cc1c'
c91c:c7c#;cc>cccc?c#c
c
81c2cc
@cA)c"c
!c$%c81c cBcCc8cc,c,c1)c#
c#c
D
c'Ec'cc8c"!c'.c
c F=ccGH1cI'cJH
Hc
cc'cc<cc8c6cc#c'&c
"$K
cc<c$%c
c'8c8c 3c
cc
c!cc,.cIc1c<L-
cc,c
A7c
cc<c8c6ccc5c'7cAc$
cM
c6c)cD
c
c81c,c
N
ccAc
cA!cc?c
.cF?c
c81cEccc1c<L-
cc
#
cKc cOcc
@c
c"c$
c1)c*c!c$P
cM
cN
c
!cQc
cOc*
c@
.cFc2cc81c cBcCc$
c"2ccKc Pcc 3c
c1c<L-
cRc+c$%cN
cc5cSc!cA!cTc:cA7cAN
cQ
.c
c Fc1*c ccAcccccA c '?cc1c<L-
cPcc
:
c
AcTc
c:c
B
c5cc9c
:
c
cQc
cKc5c,c'2cAc
(c
c9
cc5cA)c"cc'c
c
cc,c1)c*cHcUc$%c
c
c
$c1*c
:
ccc ?c OcK.cVPcc#c5c Hc Uccc
:
c6c
c<L-
ccWc
ccOc'
cN
ccA!c!1cccA)c".c,cN
c Cc
Tc ,c D
c c -!c ,c )c c c
(c !c $P
c "#c c )c QHc c *c
c1c?c
(c'cD
c'Ec'cc?cA!c(ccAc cccc2cc
c,cA7c
c<L-
XccAc(c
!c,c
c8c6ccAXcc!c
(c2cN
c2c-c,ccccc(c&
cc
c'
cccc
cEcR1cc<c
c'c=c1c
.c
cócc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
c Yc?cEccHcUcA)c"c'
c
:
c6cc<L-
ccccc
c,cc,
c"&cA)c"c cOc(c2ccAc(c'
c1*c
Occc
Z
.c*c
cEcccc'>cAccSc1c?cEccHcUcA)c
"Xc
2cWc#
ccc<cc
11cc"2c-cc#Xccccc?c
R
c'
cHcUc
:
c<L-
cc)
c
cccccc'
cc,c
,c
:
c<L-
cOc?c$Oc%
cWc#.c
ccc1c[c$K
c
c I$K
c\c]Occ^
c-c
c I$K
có\c
2cWc#
ccc<cc]11cc"2c-cc#c
c I$K
c_\c0ccHcUc
:
c<L-
c
c I$K
c[\c`
c
c'
cHcUc
:
c<L-
c
c c cc cA$OcSc ,
ccOcc )c '>cAc1*c c cc
cccN
c'cQcD
c,c c'
cc'>cAcc*c
c:c5c
c,c'
cc>1c,1cc.c0>ccNc'#c1
c$%cWc,c
c
c(c
c=c-&cFScINcccA.c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c_cc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
c c
c c
cc
cccccccc
Yc<L-
c '
c6ccc c c c ,c A7c A)c"c1
c ?c
c
81cc#
cKc cOc
@c
c"c$
c1)c*c!c$P
cM
cN
cQc
cOc *
c@
.cIcA*cc ,c $
c"2c ,
c"&cOcA)c"c cc
B
c
!c
D
cA8ccc8c=cc!c$P
cA)c"cc5c
$c+cNc c c
!1c
AcSc Rcc ccc
c-cc
c$cBcac>c1Tc!1c7c)
.cFc
2c81cc=c<L-
c:cc*
c2c*
c@
c(c$c'#cOcc?cc
Sc1cc5c'7cAcEc
$c(.c
bccN
c4cPcc4c1c
c!cc
cOc$cFd.cb@cI?cYc
Tc
c:c 3c
c5c1cc,cc^cc'2c_ec91cc1c<L-
c1*c
c
3c
ccc'#cc.cI$c8c,cc5c,cA7cMc,c1)c@c Kccc
+cA,c1#ccAc
cc(c2cA)c"cN
cR
c
9
cc1cUc>c
c5c
>cHc5c,cc(cf,cA7cc1)c*c#
ccA)c"gc?cA!cc1UcN
c
$%cN
cAc7chc5c,c,c=
c
$...cIc81cccTcNc@c
\c ,c ?cc!cAcBcc
c3c'ccN
c!1cA!cc .c5c
:
c <L-
c Ec ,c Pc c c c ,c $c (c c c ?c Qc Kc -c 7ccccccc
f$Ocóc1ócg.c N
c
!ccKc PccN
cA,cc?c
:
c c8c
!ccc
óc1óc$
c,c
c
c&
c-c7c>c5ccc,cN
cc
Z
cc2c
:
c cc cR
c.c
Yc<L-
c '
c6ccc c c c ,c A7c A)c"c1
c ?c
c
81c #
c c Oc
@c
c"c >c1)c*c!c$P
c4c1
c ?c cA*c#c
cic
c-!cWccUc
c,c"!c'c c c5c,cA7.c$
c$ccN
c
c
cc5c #cA)c"c=cc
:
c<L-
ccN
c
c81c>ccKc Pcc
,cM
ccD
cKc
c'
cN
c
$cBcAcc c $%
c )cQHc c
!1.c
c[cc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
jcc1cDcAcPccKc Pcc,cccN
c8c,c1c<L-
c2c
AUcA*cc
:
c<L-
c#c#c(cEc-c7c5cc?c
:
c<L-
c
Hc2c6c#
c
Z
cEcV*c ccIN
c
ccYNc'$
.c
cc c!"c#$c#%&c'"(ccc)c*+c
Ic 5c c c c $%c 3c
c 8c Hc Uc c
:
c<L-
c $
c
$%c 3c
cEc,cc8c8c,cccc$cc>cA2cN
cccA'.c
0cHcUc%
cWc
&
c,c1c
2cccR
c8c"(c
c
:
c<L-
c
1cTc!1cA!cc,c$%cA)c"c
5c
cOc1)c c8ccc(c2c
c,c!1cA!cccccAc(cPcccccD
c
$cc2c-c
,cN
cc
c,c1ccA2c
c
:
c<L-
.c
IHcUc%
cWc
&
c,c1cN
c
cc?c"(c
XcA2cc
:
c
<L-
c c 8c "(c
c c
:
c 1c 3c Ac c1c N
c
!c
Dc1*c
!
cc#c7cccA)c"cc'c=c1c<L-
c$%c
DccA2c'
c
cN
cc$%c'cA2c
c8c
(cccc
$cc1Nc'$
.c
c'cHcUc%
cWc:c
&
c
$c(cccSc
c<L-
c2c(1c
,cD
cKc Pcc8c1c3cA.ccc
,c-.c/0c0c1c'"(ccc
, c2"c'3"c4c'"5c67c89c
c (c2cA)c"ccccc2c<L-
cc'2
ccD
c
$c1c
c'c,
cc-c'>c5c4ccc,cA7cc"3cWc,c-!c cc
c
<L-
.cF'
c-c'>c
cc(c2c<L-
c CcPc
:
cccPc cA2c
:
c
Xcccc N
cOc
:
c
cAk
c1*c3c Z
cc
c>.c(c
2cc8c-c ccA*c
:
c
c-c1*cO
c?c>c'
c .c(c2c Cc
)
c c
:
cc cc8cA#1c&c
c<L-
c c
c
c c c '#c
Uc
f!
ccc1
(gc(cc!
cc
c1cc<c$%c
ccU
cKc
'
c
:
.c
c`cc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
c ccO
cHcUc1cc(c2c<L-
c$%c!1cA!c1cc'
c
5c c c .c F'c ,c 1)c c c c c A)c "c c c
c 'c =c 1cccccccccccccccc
<L-
c!1cA!c5cA)c"ccAc5c8cN
c$%c$%c-cóec1lm91cc
ecnlmcfN
c8c
N
cA)c"cc2g.c
,c2"c'3"c:;"c#%<=ccc
J:c'4cA)c"c=c
:
c<L-
c
(c'cD
cc-!cNcR
ccOc,c1Nc
'$
c"
c-cA)c"c':c'4ccc8c
ccU
cKc'cN
c?c1cNci1c
1Nc'$
c
cEc&
c.cV2cccc:c
(cc-!c
21c'
c,c )c
QHccD
c
$c(c
c c
ccccc':c'4cA)c"c>cc!c9
cA7c
,c"c
.c
IHcUc%
cWc
:
c<L-
c Cc
9cBcA)c"c':c'4c'c
c
(cNci1c
1Nc'$
ccEccc cc
,,c 2"c'3"c6(c4c
c D
cAc(c
c<L-
c Cc7c!c$P
c'c,
cEcc<c
c'c=c
1.cFc<c '#c *cc ,c
c<L-
c N
c$%c ,cc '
c5cc c
c
:
c
c,cA7c
cN
cc2c6ccccV*coc,cc^c)coc
,c,c
Oc5c'cR
cOcc*c
McAc c
c<L-
cN
c$%c'
cA7cSc
Ec,c)c>c-!cc5c
c81c cOc
$cA.c
c
2c(c=c1c
c<L-
cN
cc6cAc(c:cA7ci1c"c=c c1c
cEcAc c
fc
c
c cSc
g.cbc-!cEc5cc$
c'Kc'c,
c2cAc(.c
0cHcUc Cc
9cBcA)c"cc'cA2c
c
(c!c$P
c,cAc
(cPcccccD
cAc(cc-cc
:
c<L-
.cpBcAcc
cDc
ccScc,c
c<L-
cc 2c(1cc
c1c?c6ccAcc
A)c"cc'c=cD
c1c$%c 3c
cc8c
(cccccBcAc'cc
ScD
ccc,c
c<L-
.c
c
cÓcc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
cc
>?cc c ccc@Ac--cB c>?cc@Cc c
c (cD2cEc#.c#F$c#0c
c Fc<cfccJH
HgccA)c"cc=ccA$Oc
c'
c!
c=cec,c
eec1c$K
c)
cOcSc c!
c=c_ec,c_eeeecdbqcfcdbqcrce`cbqg.cFc<c
R
c'
cc,ccc,c'
c!
c=cec0
c,c`ecY0cc$%cc'ccc
HH'cc*
c9
c=cecH0cOc`ecYH0cA7c+1c'
cAc1cAk
cccBc
A.c
c Fc<cc c
11c5c cA)c"cc =c$
ccA$Oc
cccc
$%c
(cAc-c
^c
cc=.c
c
c cd^c
cc=c
cc Fc"Zc1*cR1cca
c]11cKc9
cOc$
c*cAcScs.clcc^c
$
c*ccc-c1*cO
c1Q
ccc"cAk
\c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccscrcLns"cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.gc
F'
ccnccc c c
!1c,c?cfH'cHcHttHgcccKc7c
c1L.cF=cfó.gc c'\cc
ccc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc scrcLu"
s
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.ógc
F?c
(c
$K
c'>cc=cec,c"cc$%\c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccscrcseH
Ln"cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó._gc
,c$cc,ccc
ScEc$K
cc$%
c3c]11cOc1*c
2c3c
cvcc\c
nrcvcccfcc c
2c3c'
c1L_cc#gcccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
p8c
cA)c"c
11ccBcAc cOc c c
!1cEcc'
c1Nc'$
cAc
-c'>c c(ccWc
cc \c
Èc bc)
c-
c\clc#
cccA*c9
c$%
cEc$%
c3c
11cAPc
2c3.c
Èc Fc "c I1
\c lc $K
c c !c $%
c 3c
11c Oc HH'c c c Ec
2c3.c ,c-!c$%
c3c
11c'5ccHH'c1*c
Sc9
c$%
c
cA7cc"c
$%c$Oc
cwc cOc
$K
cO.c
Èc bc)
ccB
\cxcc c$K
ccEc$%
c3c
11cc9
c$%
cOc
KceócYH0cOc'$
cc(cBc'$
cEcHH'c
2c3c,c-!c
c$%
c3c
11cA,c1#cc@
cc"#ccB
cfHLcHyg.c
F,cc $K
c c c
Sc c ^
c ,ccEcc-c '>.c]cvc c ,c
cc
Scc1Ncf?c'2c1*c
2c3cc#gcc\c
vcrcv
cycvI1cycv
'cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.[gc
c /c(cv
c c,ccc)
c-
cXcvI1c c,ccc"cI1
Xc
v
'cc,cccB
.c(c,ccc1NcOc c
2c3ccc'
cc1
_ccc
,ccc1Nccc c c
!1c,c?.c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ccc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccncrcvcrcfv
cycv I1cycvI1cycv
'gccf1
Lgc c c c
c cccccccccccccccccccncrcn
cycn I1cycnI1cycn
'ccf1
Lgccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.`gc
c ,c4c-c(1c,c c#
cc9
c$%
cc'
cc#c>cccAQc
c$%
cc"c'
ccfó.`gcccccc c#
cc,c?cEcR1cc]11c
?cccn\c
c ccccccccccccccccncrcn
cycnI1cycn
'ccf1
Lgcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.Ógc
c bc cncccOcc cnc>ccN
c"Zc,cc
cc"cc
c
cc
!c,ccc'cQc#cA7c$K
c.cp5cc CcN
c:c&
cc1Nc
'$
c Hc Uc c A5c c $K
c c Oc c c c
!c ?c ,c c )
c ?c Mc
fAL
gccccc"c
c
.c
c (cD2cEc#.c!2"c*<)c
c
cc c c
!1c,c?cnc:c 3c
cc c c
!1c cn1cf1 c
HcHttHgc?cHcKc7cf1óm
gc$%c"c7cHcN
c)có.\c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
s
u rc
s[
cf1óm
gcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.gc
c F'
ccäcc)c
2c
m1_cc1c*cc#cEc1Nc'$
c
c jR
cc c c
!1c cc5cc%c>cc8c
c
ccA#c>c
c
cf'UcQ
c?gcEcc#c$%c!c .c,cc#c$K
ccczc%
c
@1c
5c#c>cc c c
!1cc
Scnc
!cc1*c^c%
cEccc c c
!1c
Eccc
ScEczc%
c\c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc _ ó ó _
ó _
c
uu uu
rc { yc { yc { y...
| | | |
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.gc
F'
cc{@ X{ ;c 4c c
Sc '91c Hc '
c $%
cEc c #c '
czc
%
c
c
cc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
F$K
ccccc c#
cc,c?cc c$%
c'2
cEc1Nc'$
c
c#cäcf
m1_gc>cccc c#
cc ccn
c\c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc uu rc
|
¯
¯
cf1óm
gccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.
gc
c ,cc#c$K
ccczc%
cEc5c#c>cc c#
cc,c?cu
c
!cc1*c^c%
cEccc c#
ccEccc
ScEczc%
c\c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ó _ ó _
ó _
c
u u u u
rc { yc { yc { y...
| | | |
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.egc
c $cc c#
cc cn
c$%c,ccScEc\c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc crc ó _ ó _
ó _
c
u u u u
rc { yc { yc { y...
| | | |
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.gc
,ccc c'G#c*+c1cHc(cD2cEc#.c
cccccÈcbc c#
cc,c?\cxc"c"#c'2c1zc1c8c$K
cc"!c'ccR1c
11c
c
ca
c'5c-cc#ccA5cSc".c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccscrcseH"
fLn"gc
c sc\cl c$%
c3c}c,c#1cc#cA5cc"c
c se\cl c$%
c3c}ccR
c9
c$%
c cO
cc#c
bc c #
c c ,c ?c 1Nc !c c 7c 8c Ec A)c "c
11c -c 1Nc
'$
c c N
c 8c Wc ,c c
c c "c
c *c c ?c #c Ec 1Nc
'$
cc9
c$%
cEc$%
c3c
11.c
ccccccLcbc c #
c c \c xc 4c c Ec c c #
c c ,c ?c Oc1c *c c #ccccccccc
äcf
m1_g.cp(ccc$%
cc
ScKcA!cKc cOcc c#
cc,c?c>cc
8c
c
ccA#c>c
ccEc#c#
c\c'UcQ
c?.c
cecc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
Ic cJc1cK:c#"c8F5cc'G#cE#c
I cLcMcNc#%Oc
c V)c"c
11cc8cN
c$%c#
cccc1c4c
!1c$
c*cc
c-cc#.c,ccc c c
!1cEcA)c"c
11c9
c$%
cKc$%cc
c$Oc5cc>cc cOc6c'c 1*cR1cA)c"ca
c4c'c'
c
>có.óc1*c$
c~
cA8cic1 c-cc
Dc
'cEc$
c*cOcA5cc
"cEccU.cccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
e
s
s
rcLn"ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.ógc
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccbcccccccccccccccccccc
e
s
s
rcHLn"c
fcc"ccA5cccc#
cXcnccc c c
!1c,c?cgc
b>c$Occ c c
!1cEcA)c"c
11c$Oc5cc>cc .cxWc
$P
c#cR1cc2c$%c6c'cc
@cBc
c"cHH'c
c .c0c
c#
cc$%cBc
Dc
@ccHH'cc
!cEc1Q
c8cc$K
cc)c#
c
Dc
c=cc"cOccc#
ccc c#
ccccN
c
c8.c
c
'cN
c2cccck1c'!c'c'
cR
c(ccEc1c:.c
c
ccIR1cc"2c-cc#ccc6c'c
ccc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
F?c cn"cEc
$K
c'>c'2cN
cc)c
2c,cA5cc#
cc$%c
cAk
c1c>cc c c
!1c$%c
ccc c c
!1c,c?cncc)c
2c
c1L.c,cA5ccc$%c?cHc
m1óc >cc c c
!1c$%c
ccc c c
!1c c$%
cn1cccKc7cc1
óm
.cY c-cc
Dccc cc\c
cccccccccccccnf1
Lgcrcn1cf1
óm
g.c|cf
m1_gccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó._gc
bc c c
!1cc
(c cEc$
c*cA)c"c
11c'2c1*cKc7cA5cc
Eccc#
ccc$%c7c
c\c
cccccccccccccccccccccncrc
fsmsg
"
"eccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.[g
c 0Ocsmscc
(c cEc$
c*cA)c"c
11c c
!1cAPccc#
cc
cA5cc".cbc c c
!1c'2c$%c
ccc c c
!1cc
Sc,c?.c
c c
c cOc9
c$%
ck1c'
c!
c=ce`c,c`cYH0c
Sc$c#c
!cccccR
c?c#c5c c c
!1cA)c"c
11.c0>cc?c#cHc
Uc"#
c"4c4cccOc1c*cEcccHcU.cF'
c5ccc6c'c
>c c c
!1cEcR1cA)c"c
11c$%ccAP\c
cccccccccccccccccc c escrcs .H Æ
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccfó.`gc
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccbBcccccccccc e
Lfu "m|g.f|"gsrs .H cccccccc
IcLc!;cNc#%Oc
I cPc#%c#Hc89c
c 0Oc5cc>ccN
c c?ccR1cc'*
cBc1*ccUc'#cc
5cc!c$P
c,cD
c:cQcSc,c cOcA5ccHcU.c]4c 3c'k
c
1zc
c$K
ccOccUccA7ccQcR1ccc1c,1c CcN
c,1c
$%.c F'
c 5c c >c c N
c c $%c 4c 'c '
c >có._c
!c ,c c
cócc
c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc cc c
ccc
c
c
N
c%
ccAPc1*c c$%
c
c8c
cc8cc"cAPccUcccc1c
:cBc
c+cc"cc$O
cQcR1ccc8cc"c'Pcc1c:c c
1*c cc1c)c#
.c
c
c,cIR1cc"2c-cc#cc
@cN
c6c'c
c V5ccccHcUc'
c5ccN
cc6c'cc8c$%c,c
cAk
c