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Historically referred to as Savings and Loans (S&Ls) Savings banks (SBs) appeared in the 1980s Specialize in long-term residential mortgages, which are usually financed with short-term deposits of small savers Faced a huge crisis during the 1982-1992 period that saw over half of all SIs fail

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Commercial banks provide many unique services information, liquidity, price-risk reduction, transaction cost, maturity intermediation, and payment services money supply transmission, credit allocation, intergenerational wealth transfers, and denomination intermediation Failure to provide these services can be costly to both users and suppliers o...

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Regulators use CAMELS ratings to evaluate the safety and soundness of banks CAMELS ratings rely heavily on financial statement data Components Capital adequacy Asset quality Management quality Earnings quality Liquidity Sensitivity to market risk

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Commercial banks are the largest group of financial institutions in terms of total assets Major assets are loans Major liabilities are deposits—thus, they are considered depository institutions Perform services essential to U.S. financial markets play a key role in the transmission of monetary policy provide payment services provide maturity ...

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A derivative security is an agreement between two parties to exchange a standard quantity of an asset at a predetermined price at a specific date in the future Derivative securities markets are the markets in which derivative securities trade Derivatives involve the buying and selling (i.e., the transfer of) risk, which results in a positive impa...

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Today’s U.S.-based companies operate globally Events and movements in foreign financial markets can affect the profitability and performance of U.S. firms Foreign trade is possible because of the ease with which foreign currencies can be exchanged U.S. imported $2.9 trillion worth of goods in 2007 U.S. exported $2.2 trillion worth of goods in 2...

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Primary stock markets allow suppliers of funds to raise equity capital Secondary stock markets are the most closely watched and reported of all financial markets Stockholders are the legal owners of a corporation have a right to share in the firm’s profits (e.g., through dividends) are residual claimants have limited liability have voting rig...

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Mortgages are loans to individuals or businesses to purchase homes, land, or other real property Many mortgages are securitized mortgages are packaged and sold as assets backing publicly traded or privately held debt instruments (i.e., mortgage-backed securities (MBSs)) Mortgages differ from bonds and stocks mortgages are backed by a specific p...

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Capital markets involve equity and debt instruments with maturities of more than one year Bonds are long-term debt obligations issued by corporations and government units Bond markets are markets in which bonds are issued and traded Treasury notes (T-notes) and bonds (T-bonds) Municipal bonds (Munis) Corporate bonds

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Liquid funds flow between short-term borrowers and lenders through money markets Money markets involve debt instruments with original maturities of one year or less Money market debt issued by high-quality (i.e., low default risk) economic units that require short-term funds purchased by economic units that have excess short-term funds Money m...

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