Đồ án, luận văn, do an, luan van

Variety of methodologies Researcher is primary data collection instrument Participation and observation are integrated Focuses on specific interactants in specific communication contexts and events

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Study of texts or messages is central to the communication discipline Two data collection and analytical methods Content analysis -- quantitative Interaction analysis -- quantitative

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Tests of linear relationships Correlation 2 continuous level variables Regression 2 or more continuous level variables Identifies statistically significant linear patterns in the association of variables

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Differences betweens groups or categories of the independent variable Statistical tests of difference reveal whether the differences observed are greater than differences that might occur by chance Chi-square t-test ANOVA

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Numbers One tool for collecting data about communication phenomena Capture quality, intensity, value, or degree Only meaningful if they are interpreted Operationalizations specify how data are collected and become numerical

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Most commonly used quantitative method Used for obtaining information about what people do, and respondents’ attitudes or characteristics In experimental, quasi-experimental, and descriptive research designs

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The Experimental Framework Used to determine causation Conducted in lab or other controlled setting To control for extraneous influences Independent variable is manipulated by researcher Participants randomly assigned to conditions or treatments

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Three scientific traditions critical to experimental research Sampling Significance levels Hypothesis testing

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Associated with quantitative studies Numbers used as a tool for identifying and presenting information Links the conceptual to the empirical Necessary to conduct quantitative research

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All researchers, even students, have a responsibility to conduct ethical research Participants in research studies should know and understand their rights and responsibilities Ethical considerations are part of the design of the research project

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