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Regulators use CAMELS ratings to evaluate the safety and soundness of banks CAMELS ratings rely heavily on financial statement data Components Capital adequacy Asset quality Management quality Earnings quality Liquidity Sensitivity to market risk

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Commercial banks are the largest group of financial institutions in terms of total assets Major assets are loans Major liabilities are deposits—thus, they are considered depository institutions Perform services essential to U.S. financial markets play a key role in the transmission of monetary policy provide payment services provide maturity ...

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A derivative security is an agreement between two parties to exchange a standard quantity of an asset at a predetermined price at a specific date in the future Derivative securities markets are the markets in which derivative securities trade Derivatives involve the buying and selling (i.e., the transfer of) risk, which results in a positive impa...

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Today’s U.S.-based companies operate globally Events and movements in foreign financial markets can affect the profitability and performance of U.S. firms Foreign trade is possible because of the ease with which foreign currencies can be exchanged U.S. imported $2.9 trillion worth of goods in 2007 U.S. exported $2.2 trillion worth of goods in 2...

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Primary stock markets allow suppliers of funds to raise equity capital Secondary stock markets are the most closely watched and reported of all financial markets Stockholders are the legal owners of a corporation have a right to share in the firm’s profits (e.g., through dividends) are residual claimants have limited liability have voting rig...

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Mortgages are loans to individuals or businesses to purchase homes, land, or other real property Many mortgages are securitized mortgages are packaged and sold as assets backing publicly traded or privately held debt instruments (i.e., mortgage-backed securities (MBSs)) Mortgages differ from bonds and stocks mortgages are backed by a specific p...

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Capital markets involve equity and debt instruments with maturities of more than one year Bonds are long-term debt obligations issued by corporations and government units Bond markets are markets in which bonds are issued and traded Treasury notes (T-notes) and bonds (T-bonds) Municipal bonds (Munis) Corporate bonds

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Liquid funds flow between short-term borrowers and lenders through money markets Money markets involve debt instruments with original maturities of one year or less Money market debt issued by high-quality (i.e., low default risk) economic units that require short-term funds purchased by economic units that have excess short-term funds Money m...

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Founded by Congress under the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 Subject to oversight by Congress under its authority to coin money An independent central bank–its decisions do not have to be ratified by the President

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Coupon rate periodic cash flow a bond issuer contractually promises to pay a bond holder Required rate of return (rrr) rates used by individual market participants to calculate fair present values (PV) Expected rate of return (Err) rates participants would earn by buying securities at current market prices (P) Realized rate of return (rr) ra...

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