Đồ án, luận văn, do an, luan van

A qualitative study is not complete until the research report is written Researcher analyzes data and writes the analysis in back-and-forth reflective steps Writing the report is part of developing the interpretation of the data

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A quantitative study is not complete until the research report is written Typical audience Communication scholars Communication students Most reports use a basic format for presenting research results

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Analysis Process of labeling and break down raw data Brings order, structure, interpretation Messy, ambiguous, time consuming Begins after first data collection Reflexive – back and forth Inductive

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Researcher using qualitative methods needs theoretical and social sensitivity Balance what is being observed with what is known Recognize subjective role of the researcher Think abstractly and make connections among data collected

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Variety of methodologies Researcher is primary data collection instrument Participation and observation are integrated Focuses on specific interactants in specific communication contexts and events

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Study of texts or messages is central to the communication discipline Two data collection and analytical methods Content analysis -- quantitative Interaction analysis -- quantitative

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Tests of linear relationships Correlation 2 continuous level variables Regression 2 or more continuous level variables Identifies statistically significant linear patterns in the association of variables

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Differences betweens groups or categories of the independent variable Statistical tests of difference reveal whether the differences observed are greater than differences that might occur by chance Chi-square t-test ANOVA

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Numbers One tool for collecting data about communication phenomena Capture quality, intensity, value, or degree Only meaningful if they are interpreted Operationalizations specify how data are collected and become numerical

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Most commonly used quantitative method Used for obtaining information about what people do, and respondents’ attitudes or characteristics In experimental, quasi-experimental, and descriptive research designs

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